PiCKLBD-BBOOD. 487 



Cowan of England, N. E. Prance of Wisconsin, Ed. Bertrand 

 of Switzerland, and many others, liave carefully described the 

 disease in short pamphlets, but the most important and useful 

 publications on the subject are the Bulletins of the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture at Washington, "The Control of European 

 Foul-Brood," Bulletin 976 by Dr. E. F. Phillips; "The Bacteria 

 of the Apiary," by Dr. G. F. White, Technical Series No. 14; 

 "The Brood Diseases of Bees," Circular No; 79, by Dr. E. F. 

 Phillips, "The Cause of American Foul-Brood," Circular No. 

 94, by Dr. G. F. White, etc. These works should be read by 

 the student. 



801. Aside from foul-brood, accidents may cause the brood 

 to die, and even to rot'in the cells, without special damage to the 

 bees. Sudden and cold weather, in a promising Spring, when 

 the bees have been spreading their brood, and are compelled 

 to leave a part of it uncovered; the neglect of the apiarist, or 

 his mismanagement, in placing back the brood — after an 

 inspection — out of the reach of the cluster; or even the suffoca- 

 tion of a colony by heat (367), or by close confinement (368), 

 may Cause the death of the brood. 



These accidents have none of the malignance of foul-brood, 

 and nothing need: be done in such occurrences besides removing 

 the dead brood, and burying it carefully. 



It is usiiaUy easy to recognize when brood has been chilled, 

 for it dies evenly all at one time, while deaths from disease are 

 always scattering at fiirst, here and there, in the cells. 



A disease, much resembling foul-brood, which has done 

 considerable damage among bees, but not a contagious malady, 

 first designated under the name of "Pickled brood" because o^ 

 the sour smell of the dead brood was diagnosed by Dr. White 

 under the name of "Sac-brood," United States Bureau of 

 Entomology No. 431." 



This name was given because the dead larva when it dies 

 remains within its skin as within a sack, and often dries so as 

 to become loose in the cell and fall out when the comb is inverted 

 This never happens in either of the other diseases. 



