528 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 
small, weakly plicate, the nerves being only slightly impressed above, about 2 inches 
long by Z inch broad, ovate, acute at the apex, unequal and slightly cordate at the 
base; margin bi-serrate, ciliate ; upper surface dark green, shining, with scattered, 
appressed hairs; lower surface-as in C. orzentalzs; nerves nine to twelve pairs ; 
petiole, $ to 2 inch, pilose ; stipules linear, pubescent along the margins, } inch long, 
persistent during summer. Fruit : strobiles 2 inches long; bracts loosely imbricated, 
obliquely ovate, $ inch long, outer margin slightly serrate, inner margin sub-entire, 
not lobed, without a basal auricle. 
This species is a rare tree in the mountains of Eastern Szechwan and Western 
Hupeh in China ; and is closely allied to, if not a mere variety of, C. Zurczaninownt, 
Hance, which is common in Northern China. C. polyneura differs little in technical 
characters from C. orientalis, but is very distinct in appearance owing to the 
leaves being smooth and flat and not deeply plicate, as in the other species of 
hornbeam. 
It is only represented in cultivation by a single tree, about 15 feet high, in Kew 
Gardens, which was raised from seed sent by me in 1889. (A. H.) 
CARPINUS JAPONICA 
Carpinus japonica, Blume, Mus. Bat. Lugd. Bot. i. 308 (1850); Shirasawa, con. Ess. Forest. Japon, 
text 47, t. 24, ff. 1-17 (1900); Winkler, Betulacee, 25 (1904). 
Carpinus Carpinus, Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 364, f. 56 (1893); Forest Flora Japan, 64, t. 21 
(1894). 
Distegocarpus Carpinus, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 103 (1846). 
A tree attaining.in Japan 50 feet in height and 5 feet in girth; bark furrowed 
and scaly. Young branchlets with scattered long hairs, which fall off in autumn. 
Leaves (Plate 201, Fig. 1) ovate-oblong, up to 4 inches long by 1% inch broad, 
acuminate at the apex, oblique at the base, which is rounded or slightly cordate ; 
margin finely bi-serrate, non-ciliate; upper surface dark green, pubescent on the 
midrib and nerves ; lower surface pale green, with scattered long hairs on the midrib 
and nerves and slight axil tufts; nerves, eighteen to twenty-four pairs, impressed 
above; petiole $ inch long, pubescent; stipules 4 inch long, linear - lanceolate, 
pubescent, persistent during summer. Fruit: strobiles 24 inches long ; bracts densely 
imbricated, 3 to % inch long, ovate, sharply serrate; nutlet covered by a minute 
orbicular lobe, attached merely by its base to the bract, the outer margin of the 
latter being slightly infolded below. 
This species is a native of central and southern Japan, and, according to Sargent, 
is common on the Hakone and Nikko Mountains between 2000 and 3000 feet 
elevation. It was collected near Nikko by Elwes, and at Nagasaki by Oldham. 
It was introduced by Maries in 1879; but no trees of this date are now to be 
found, there being only small plants about 3 feet high in the Coombe Wood Nursery. 
It is perfectly hardy in New England, where it produced fruit for the first time in 
1891 in the Arnold Arboretum, where it had been introduced a few years previously. 
