OSTRYA 
Ostrya, Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. 414 (1760); Bentham et Hooker, Gen. Pi. iii. 406 (1880) ; Winkler, 
in Engler, Pfanzenreich, iv. 61, Betulacee, 24 (1904). 
Carpinus, Linneeus, Gen. Pl. 292 (ex parte) (1737): 
Smati deciduous trees, belonging to the order Betulacez, agreeing with the genus 
Carpinus in the characters of the branchlets, buds, foliage, and staminate flowers. 
Pistillate flowers, in dense erect spikes, inserted in pairs on the base of ovate acute 
leafy scales, each flower enclosed in a sac-like involucre, formed by the union of a 
bract and two bracteoles, which is open at the apex at the time of flowering, after- 
wards becoming closed. Calyx dentate, adnate to the two-celled inferior ovary ; 
style short, divided into two linear subulate stigmatic branches ; ovules solitary in 
each cell. Fruits: disposed in stalked ovoid strobiles, composed of densely imbri- 
cated involucres, which are vesicular, closed, flattened, membranous, longitudinally 
nerved, reticulate, pubescent at the apex, and hirsute at the base with sharp, rigid, 
stinging hairs. Nutlet, sessile in the involucre, ovoid, compressed, longitudinally 
ribbed, crowned by the remains of the calyx; seed solitary, pendulous. 
Four species of Ostrya have been distinguished :—Ostrya Knowltonz, Coville, 
a rare tree in Arizona, not yet introduced, and three species, occurring in North 
America, Eastern Asia, and Europe and Asia Minor, which are so closely allied 
that they have been considered by most botanists to be only geographical races of 
one species. These three species are all in cultivation, and as they can be 
distinguished (see Key to Carpinus and Ostrya, p. 526), will be treated by us 
separately. 
OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA, Hor Hornseam 
Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. ii. 244 (1772); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 368 (1887) ; 
Mathieu, Hore Forestiére, 403 (1897). 
Ostrya vulgaris, Willdenow, Sp. Pl. iv. 469 (1805); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii, 2015 (1838). 
Ostrya ttalica, Spach. Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 246 (1841). 
Ostrya ttalica, sub-species carpinifolia, Winkler, Betulacea, 22 (1904). 
Ostrya Ostrya, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. ix. 32 (1896). 
Carpinus Ostrya, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 998 (1753). 
A tree attaining 60 feet in height and 10 feet in girth; stem cylindrical, bark 
greyish, finely fissured, and scaly. Young branchlets with dense appressed 
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