544 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 
Ironwood, and is used for levers and tool handles, the wood being very tough and 
strong. Michaux states that on the estate of Duhamel du Monceau, in France, 
there were trees 20 feet high, from which self-sown plants had sprung up. 
It was introduced into England by Bishop Compton in 1692, but is rarely 
met with except in botanic gardens. At Kew there are four trees, 20 to 30 feet in 
height. Others are growing at Eastnor Castle and at Grayswood, near Haslemere, 
where, though not planted above twenty years, it is growing vigorously, and looks as 
if it would make a handsome tree. A tree in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden was, 
in 1905, 39 feet high by 3 feet 3 inches in girth. Seedlings raised in my garden 
grow more freely than those of the common hornbeam; but not so fast as those 
of Ostrya carpintfolra. (H. J. E.) 
OSTRYA JAPONICA, Japanese Hop Hornseeam 
Ostrya japonica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 383, f. 58 (1893), Forest Flora Japan, 66, t. 22 
(1894), and Siva NV. Amer. ix, 32 (1896); Shirasawa, Leon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 49, t. 25, 
ff. 1-14 (1900). 
Ostrya virginica, Maximowicz, Mé. Biol, xi. 317 (1881). 
Ostrya italica, sub-species virginiana, Winkler, Betulacez, 22 (1904). 
A tree attaining in Japan a height of 80 feet, with a tall straight stem, 5 feet in 
girth, but usually smaller. This species is considered by Maximowicz and Winkler 
to be identical with the American species, and there is said to be little or no 
difference in the fruit, which I have not seen. In cultivation, the Japanese tree is 
readily distinguished as follows :—Leaves (Plate 201, Fig. 10) velvety to the touch 
on the upper surface, which is covered with a dense erect pubescence ; nerves, ten 
to twelve pairs, fewer than in the other species; base slightly cordate. Young 
branchlets densely white pubescent, without glandular hairs, which are also absent 
from the petiole and midrib of the leaf. 
According to Sargent, this species is nowhere abundant in Japan, occurring 
only as scattered individuals in the forests of deciduous trees which cover Central 
and Southern Yezo, and growing also in the province of Nambu in Northern Hondo. 
Shirasawa, however, gives a more extensive distribution, stating that it is found also 
throughout the central chain of Hondo, in the provinces of Musahi, Kai, and 
Totomi, and also at Nikko; and farther south, in the island of Shikoku. Ostrya 
waponica is also a native of China, being an exceedingly rare tree in the mountain 
forests of Eastern Szechwan and Western Hupeh, where it was discovered by Pére 
Farges and by myself. Ostrya mandschurica, Budischtschew,' recorded from 
Manchuria, is probably identical with this species. 
The Japanese Hop Hornbeam was introduced in 1888 into the Arnold 
Arboretum by seed sent from Japan by Dr. Mayr, and has proved hardy in the 
climate of Eastern Massachusetts. There are two trees at Kew, sent by Prof. 
Sargent in 1897, which are now about 15 feet high and growing vigorously. There 
is also a healthy young tree at Grayswood, Haslemere. (A. H.) 
1 In Trautvetter, Act. Hort, Petrop. ix. 166 (1884), I have seen no specimens of this. 
