Acer 645 
DISTRIBUTION 
The exact limits of the distribution of the sycamore are difficult to define, 
as the tree has been extensively planted for centuries outside of its original 
home, which in Europe may be roughly described as the great central chain of 
the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians, with the mountains and hilly districts radiating 
from them in all directions. It is truly wild in the Pyrenees, and reaches 
its western limit in the Iberian Peninsula in the Cantabrian Mountains, being 
absent from the greater part of Spain and all Portugal.’ It occurs in all the 
mountainous and hilly districts of France except in the north-west; in the Alps 
generally ; in the mountains of Germany, as far north as the Harz Mountains; in the 
Carpathians, Apennines, mountains of Sicily, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Servia, and in 
the mountains of Thessaly and Epirus in Greece.2 In Russia it occurs in the 
provinces along the Black Sea, extending inland along the banks of the great rivers, 
and in the mountains of the Crimea. It is widely spread in the mountains of 
Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Caucasus,? where it grows at all altitudes from sea- 
level to 4000 feet. Its extreme easterly point is near Astrabad, south-east of 
the Caspian Sea, about lat. 37°. 
The tree is not a native of the British Isles, North-West France, Belgium, 
Holland, the North German plain, Denmark, Scandinavia, or the greater part 
of Russia. In these countries the sycamore, however, flourishes, and is extensively 
cultivated, reaching its northerly limit as a planted tree, according to Schiibeler, 
in Norway and Sweden about lat. 64°. 
It is usually met with, in the wild state, as an isolated tree or in small groups, 
being only known to form pure woods, and those of no great extent, in the 
Thuringian forests. It does not occur naturally on light soils, on heavy clay soils, 
or on wet ground; and apparently, in order to compete with other trees, must 
grow on a soil rich in mineral constituents, such as often occurs in valleys or 
ravines, or in pockets here and there in forests, where the soil is generally poor. 
It forms a part of the great beech and silver-fir forests; but reaches higher than 
either of these species on the mountains, where it dwindles to a sub-alpine 
shrub near the timber line. In the Bavarian forests it grows in the zone between 
1000 and 4400 feet altitude, and a peculiar form occurs, with twisted curved 
branches, which Dr. Christ* has not observed elsewhere. In Switzerland,‘ it 
ascends to 5300 feet, and is most plentiful at Sernfthal above Elm. In France 
it ascends to about 5000 feet, and is most generally met with in the beech 
forests, its abundance and flourishing condition being considered a sure index of 
a fertile soil. 
The sycamore has not been found in the fossil state in the British Isles. 
Clement Reid® hazards the suggestion that it was perhaps introduced by the 
1 Willkomm, Pfanzenverbreitung auf der Iberischen Halbinsel, 94 (1896). 
2 Halacsy, Consp. Fl. Grace, i. 285 (1900). 
3 Radde, Pfansenverbrettung in den Kaukasuslindern, 175 (1899). 4 Christ, Flore de la Suisse, 278, 279 (1907). 
5 Origin British Flora, 16 (1899). 
