iiaU PLANT STUDIES 



old cell, is often called internal division, to distinguish it 

 from fission, which involves the wall of the old cell, and is 

 the ordinary method of cell division in nutritive cells. 



If the mother cell which produces the spores is different 

 from the other cells of the plant body it is called the sporan- 

 gium, which means " spore vessel." Often a cell is nutri- 

 tive for a time and afterward becomes a mother cell, in 

 which case it is said to function as a sporangium. The wall 

 of a sporangium usually opens, and the spores are dis- 

 charged, thus being free to produce new plants. Various 

 names have been given to asexual spores to indicate certain 

 peculiarities. As Alga3 are mostly surrounded by water, 

 the characteristic asexual spore in the group is one that 

 can swim by means of minute hair-like processes or cilia, 

 which have the power of lashing the water (Pig. 206, G). 

 These ciliated spores are known as zoospores, or " animal- 

 like spores," referring to their power of locomotion ; some- 

 times they are called swimming spores, or swarm spores. It 

 must be remembered that all of these terms refer to the 

 same thing, a swimming asexual spore. 



This method of reproduction may be indicated by a for- 

 mula as follows : P — o — P — o — P — o — P, which indi- 

 cates that new plants are not produced directly from the 

 old ones, as in vegetative multiplication, but that between 

 the successive generations there is the asexual spore. 



Sexual spores. — These cells are formed by cell union, 

 two cells fusing together to form the spore. This process 

 of forming a spore by the fusion of two cells is called the 

 sexual process, and the two special cells (sexual cells) thus 

 used are known as gametes (Fig. 205, C, d, e). It must be 

 noticed that gametes are not spores, for they are not able 

 alone to produce a new plant ; it is only after two of them 

 have fused and formed a new cell, the spore, that a plant 

 can be produced. The spore thus formed does not differ 

 in its power from the asexual spore, but it differs very 

 much in its method of origin. 



