xiv INTRODUCTION. 
united at the base as far as the first joint, their claws moderate but much 
curved ; the hind toe short, but with a long curved claw. Plumage soft 
and thick, especially on the upper parts (p. 117). 
TicHoproma, ///ger.—Bill long, slender, slightly decurved and pointed ; nostrils 
elongated. Wings long and broad. Tail of twelve rounded feathers and 
square in shape. Tarsus rather slender; toes long; claws much curved, 
especially the long hind claw (p. 119). 
Family MOTACILLID. 
(Wings with only nine clearly visible primaries). 
MoraciLia, Lznneus.—Bill slender, nearly straight, very slightly notched at 
the tip ; the mandibles nearly equal in length and their edges slightly com- 
pressed inwards. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and partly concealed by a 
membrane. Wings moderate ; the first quill acuminate and nearly obsolete, 
the second, third and fourth nearly equal and one of them the longest, the 
fifth considerably shorter ; inner secondaries very long, one of them about 
equal to the fifth primary. Tail of twelve feathers, long and nearly even. 
Tarsus scutellated in front, much longer than the middle toe, which is joined 
to the outer toe at its base; toes moderate ; claws short, except that of the 
hind toe which is somewhat. elongated (p. 121). 
Antrnus, Bechstein.—Bill and nostrils as in the above genus. Wings moderate ; 
the first primary acuminate and nearly obsolete, the second, third and fourth 
nearly equal and one of them the longest, the fifth in some species almost 
as long ; outer secondaries short, inner secondaries very long, equal to or 
occasionally exceeding the fifth primary. Tail of twelve feathers, moderate 
and slightly forked. Tarsus scutellated in front, about as long as the middle 
toe, which is joined to the outer toe at its base; toes rather long; claws 
moderate, except that of the hind toe which in some species is very much 
elongated (p. 131). 
Family ORIOLIDZE. 
OrIoLus, Leeus.—Bill moderately long, conical, and decurving to the point, 
near which it is notched ; nostrils basal, lateral, naked, pierced horizontally in 
an extended membrane. Wings long ; the first quill much shorter than the 
second, the third the longest. Tail moderate, slightly rounded. Tarsus 
covered in front with broad plates ; toes with large scutellz ; claws arched, 
and laterally grooved (p. 145). 
Family LANIIDZ. 
Lantus, Linneus.—Bill short, thick and straight at the base, compressed ; upper 
mandible hooked at the point, with a prominent tooth ; base of the bill beset 
with hairs directed forwards. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval. Wings of 
moderate size ; the first quill shorter than the second, the third usually the 
longest. Tarsus longer than the middle toe, which is united at its base to 
the outer toe (p. 147). 
Family AMPELID. 
AMPELIS, Lez2e2ts.—Bill strong, short and straight ; broad at the base; both 
mandibles slightly hooked at the tip, and the upper one notched. Gape 
