INTRODUCTION. XV 
wide, without bristles. Nostrils basal, oval and large, partly concealed by 
closely-set feathers directed forwards. Feathers of the head forming an 
elongated erectile crest. Wings long, with ten primaries, the first very 
minute, the second the longest, but the third nearly equal to it. Tail short 
and almost even. Tarsus scutellated in front, and shorter than the middle 
toe with its claw; toes stout. Plumage very soft (p. 155). 
Family MUSCICAPIDZ. 
Muscicapa, Lzseus.—Bill of moderate length, broad and depressed at the 
base ; compressed and slightly curved towards the point. Nostrils basal, 
lateral, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Gape beset with bristles. 
Wings long and pointed; the first primary very short, the second rather 
shorter than the third, fourth and fifth, which are the longest. Tarsus about 
the same length as the middle toe, which is much longer than the lateral 
toes ; all the toes small (p. 157). 
Family HIRUNDINID. 
(Wings with nine clearly visible primaries, long and pointed). 
Hirunpbo, Lz2@us.—Bill short, depressed, and very wide at the base, com- 
missure straight. Nostrils basal, oval, partly closed by a membrane. Tail 
deeply forked, of twelve feathers, the outermost greatly elongated and 
abruptly attenuated. Tarsus slender and bare ; toes rather long, three in 
front, one behind ; claws moderate (p. 163). 
CHELIDON, Soze.—Bill short, depressed, and very wide at the base, commissure 
slightly decurved. Nostrils basal, oval, partly closed by a membrane and 
opening laterally. Tail forked, of twelve feathers, the outermost not 
abruptly attenuated. Tarsus slender, closely feathered above the toes, which 
are rather long, three in front, one behind ; claws moderate, sharp (p. 165). 
CotiLe, Aoze.—Bill short, depressed, and very wide at the base, commissure 
straight. Nostrils, wings and tail as above. Tarsus slender and bare, 
except a tuft of feathers on the tarsus just above the hallux ; toes moderate, 
three in front, one behind ; claws strong (p. 167). 
Family FRINGILLID. 
(Wings with nine clearly visible primaries). 
Subfamily FRINGILLINE, 
Bill strong, the outline of the commissures even. 
Licurinus, &. L. Koch.—Bill hard, short, conical, compressed towards the tip, 
with a scarcely perceptible notch at the point; nostrils basal, concealed by 
stiff feathers directed forwards. Wings rather pointed, the first quill obsolete, 
the second, third and fourth nearly equal and longest. Tail rather short, 
slightly forked. Tarsus scutellated in front; toes moderate; claws arched 
and laterally grooved (p. 169). 
Coccoruraustes, Brisson.—Bill nearly conical, very thick at the base, tapering 
rapidly to the point ; culmen more or less rounded ; the mandibles nearly 
equal, edges inflected and slightly indented. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, 
