xxvili INTRODUCTION. 
Mareca, Stephens.—Bill considerably shorter than the head, higher than broad 
at the base, gradually depressed and narrowed towards the point ; culmen 
slightly concave ; lamellz only just visible. Wings rather long and pointed 7 
the first and second quills longer than the rest. Tail short and pointed. , 
Legs short, the lower part of the tibia bare ; hind toe with a very narrow 
lobe; feet rather small. Sexes differ in plumage (p. 437)- 
Netra, Kaup.—Bill long, tapering ; the upper mandible indentated ; lamellee 
broad, prominent and distant. Nostrils about one-third of the distance from 
the base to the tip, Wings of moderate length, pointed. Male with a well- 
developed occipital crest. Otherwise as in Filzgula (p. 441). 
FUuLIGULA, Stephens. —Bill not longer than the head, but slightly elevated at the 
base, depressed towards the tip, sides parallel ; both mandibles laminated, 
lateral edges of the upper mandible enclosing the edges of the under one. 
Nostrils at a short distance from the base. Wings rather short, pointed. 
Legs with the middle and outer toes longer than the tarsus, which is 
flattened laterally; feet large, webbed; the hind toe with a broad lobe. 
Sexes differ in plumage (p. 443). 
Ciancuta, Leach.—Bill much shorter than the head, higher than broad at the 
base, depressed towards the nail, which is elliptical and decurved at the tip ; 
lamelle hidden by the overhanging edge of the upper mandible. Nostrils 
near the middle of the bill. Wings rather short, pointed ; the first quill the 
longest. Tail of sixteen feathers, moderately long, rounded. Legs short, 
placed far back ; tarsi scutellated in front; hind toe small, slender, broadly 
lobed ; webs full. Sexes differ in plumage (p. 451). 
HaRELDA, Stephens.—Bill much shorter than the head, its outlines tapering 
rapidly to the tip, which has a broad, prominently decurved nail ; Jamellze 
slightly exposed along the gape-line. Nostrils oblong, sub-basal. Feather- 
ing at the base of the bill forming an oblique line, advancing furthest 
forward on the forehead, and scarcely interrupted by the re-entrant angle so 
prominent in most Ducks. Wings rather short, pointed ; scapulars much 
elongated and lanceolate in the adult male. Tail of fourteen feathers, short 
and graduated, except the two central feathers, which are very long and 
tapering in the adult male. Legs short, placed far back; hind toe small 
but broadly lobed. Sexes differ in plumage (p. 455). 
Cosmonetta, Kaup.—Bill rather short, narrowing rapidly to the tip, which is 
occupied by a large decurved nail; a small lobe on each side at the base of 
the upper mandible; lamellc concealed. Nostrils oblong, median. Wing 
short, pointed, the first and second quills nearly equal in length. Tail of 
fourteen rather pointed feathers, much graduated. Legs short and placed 
far back; hind toe slender, with a large lobe; anterior toes fully webbed. 
Sexes differ in plumage (p. 457). 
SoMATERIA, Leach.—Bill swollen and elevated at the base, which extends far up the 
forehead, where it is divided by an elongated, descending, angular projection 
of feathers down the surface. Nostrils lateral, oval, small. Wings moderate, 
with the first and second quills sub-equal. Tail short, of fourteen feathers. 
Legs short ; three anterior toes broadly webbed ; hind toe with a deeply 
lobated membrane. Sexes differ in plumage (p. 459). 
