136 RED-THROATED PIPIT. 
of forest-growth—from Novaya Zemlya, across Siberia to Kamchatka 
and Bering Island. It even appears to have crossed the Pacific to 
Alaska and Lower California; and its migrations undoubtedly 
extend to Southern China, Borneo, Burma, India, Persia and Egypt. 
In the last-named country and in Nubia the bird is exceedingly 
abundant in winter, and up to the month of April, by which time it 
has assumed full breeding-plumage. West of Tunisia, in North 
Africa it becomes much rarer, though occasionally found near 
Gibraltar ; but the main line of the spring-migration passes through 
Eastern Europe, curving round to Scandinavia, and the species is 
undoubtedly scarce to the west of Heligoland. 
The Red-throated Pipit makes its nest in the sides of the 
tussocky ridges of the bogs or /uzdras of the north ; dry grass being 
the material employed, with a finer lining of the same. The eggs, 
4-6 in number, vary from a nearly uniform rich mahogany colour to 
a greenish-grey with dark brown mottlings: measurements *75 by 
*58 in. In late springs breeding does not commence before the last 
week in June, so that only one brood can be reared in the season. 
The note is louder, fuller, and richer than that of the Meadow-Pipit. 
The food consists principally of insects and their larvee, small 
worms, molluscs and grass seeds. In its winter quarters the Red- 
throated Pipit is gregarious; and frequents planted fields where 
suitable cover exists. 
The adult male, in breeding-plumage, is browner on the upper 
parts than either the Meadow- or the Tree-Pipit, and the black 
streaks are more pronounced; the eye-stripe is broad and of a 
rufous-buff ; the tail-coverts are more striped ; the inner secondaries 
nearly equal in length to the primaries, as in the Tree-Pipit ; the 
chin, throat, sides of the neck and breast vinous-chestnut; the 
gorget has fewer and smaller spots, but the flanks and under tail- 
coverts are broadly streaked; abdomen buff; bill dark above, 
yellowish below; legs and feet light brown; hind-toe as in the 
Meadow-Pipit. Length 5°8 in.; wing 3°5 in. In the female the 
vinous-chestnut only extends to the throat, and her breast and flanks 
are more streaked with black ; she is also smaller in size. In winter 
the red throat is only found in mature birds, and at that season the 
feathers of the mantle are margined with white; the general tint 
being greyish-brown, without the olive-green of the Meadow-Pipit. 
Birds of the year are very buff in colour on both upper and lower 
parts ; but even by December there is a little rufous round the eye 
and on the cheeks, and that tint is slightly apparent on the throat. 
