CORVIDA. 233 
THE NUTCRACKER. 
NutcirraGa caRyocaTACTEs (Linnzus). 
The Nutcracker is an irregular visitor to England and Wales, but 
about thirty fairly authenticated occurrences are on record, princi- 
pally in the southern half of our island, and al] of them, so far as is 
known, in autumn. In Scotland one was shot at Invergarry and 
one in Orkney, both in October 1868; while Sir Herbert E. Max- 
well has recorded an occurrence in Wigtownshire in 1891. As yet 
there is no evidence that the bird has visited Ireland. 
C. L. Brehm and others have recognised several subspecies of 
Nutcracker. A form with a stout bill (as in the engraving) breeds 
in the coniferous forests south of lat. 67° in Scandinavia, some of 
the islands of the Baltic, West Russia, East Prussia, the Hartz 
Mountains, the Jura, the Black Forest, the French, Swiss and 
Italian Alps, and eastward, by the Carpathians, to Transylvania. 
This form is said to be resident. In Siberia, from the Ob and the 
Yenesei eastward—perhaps to portions of China—occurs a form 
with a slender bill and with a greater developement of white spots ; 
