680 GLAUCOUS GULL. 
the Old and the New Worlds, but it abandons the highest latitudes 
during the winter time. Then its migrations extend as far south as 
the Straits of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and the 
northern part of the Caspian; Japan and California in the Pacific ; 
the great lakes of America and the Mississippi valley, as well as the 
east coast to Florida and Texas. Mr. Ridgway has distinguished 
the Glaucous Gull of Alaska by the name of Z. darrovianus, but I 
can see nothing exceptional in specimens from the North Pacific, 
the Arctic regions of America, or Greenland. The Pacific to the 
north of lat. 40° is inhabited by a slightly smaller species, Z. g/au- 
cescens, which has its primaries chequered with pale grey, but not 
with black as in the Herring-Gull. A larger and very rare species, 
known from Alaska and Vancouver Island, has been named 
L. nelsont by Mr. Henshaw ; while on the east side of Baffin Bay, 
migrating to New York State in winter, there is a much smaller 
bird, Z. Aumlieni, with rather more definition in its wing-pattern. 
The nest of the Glaucous Gull is made on projecting ledges of 
lofty cliffs or on low shores and sand-banks, according to circum- 
stances ; the eggs, usually laid in June, are stone-colour, spotted 
with ash-grey and brown: measurements 2°9 by 2 in. From its 
overbearing nature the Glaucous Gull has long been known as ‘the 
Burgomaster’ among whalers and sealers. It is omnivorous as 
regards diet; in South Greenland, during August and September, 
the berries of Hmpetrum nigrum are largely consumed by the 
immature birds; while such is its rapacity that Col. Feilden found 
two reindeer which he had shot one day on Spitsbergen reduced 
to hide and skeletons by the next morning. 
The adult male in summer has the head, tail and under-parts 
white; mantle and wings pale pearl-grey, with white tips to the 
scapulars, secondaries, and outermost webs of the quills, the 
primaries reaching but little beyond the tail ; bill yellow, orange at 
the angle ; ring round the eye vermilion, iris yellow; legs and feet 
bright pink. In winter the head and neck are streaked with ash- 
grey. Length 29 in., wing 18-18°5 in. Females are often much 
smaller. The young bird is mottled with ash-brown on a creamy 
ground, becoming lighter at each moult, until, just before assuming 
the pearl-grey mantle, it becomes white for a short time. In this 
state it was supposed to be a distinct species, Z. hutchinsi of 
Richardson ; but its identity is now fully established, and I have 
watched every change of plumage in the birds brought up in the 
Zoological Society’s Gardens. In the immature bird the bill is 
brown, the iris brown, and the legs and feet are livid flesh-colour. 
