no 



INVEETEBKATA 



CHAP. 



in eggs with spiral cleavages ; it has been observed both in 

 Annelida and Mollusca. 



We must now return to a more detailed study of the three 

 ectodermal quartettes. Turning our attention to the first quartette, 

 we left it at the stage where it consisted of sixteen cells, viz. la^^-ld'-^, 

 lai2-lcZi2, la2i-l#i, and la^^-ld^^; la" is rather larger than 

 Ifti^ and la^i is larger than la^^. la^^-ld^^ bud off four small cells 

 which occupy the uppermost pole of the egg, these are the so-called 

 apical cells, la^^^-ld^^^ ; they are little more than nuclei, the 

 cytoplasm being reduced to a thin plate in which cell limits are 

 not discernible {ap, Fig. 85). 



Now this type of division by which small sisters are separated 

 at the surface whilst larger sisters remain more deeply situated, is 



repeated afterwards by the 

 larger daughter cells which 

 have resulted from the division 

 just described. These cells, 

 laii2-l<^"2, divide each into an 

 upper very small cell, la^i^i- 

 iS^^^i, and a lower larger cell, 

 Iaii22.i^ii22_ YoT the third 

 time a similar division takes 

 place. The lower cells resulting 

 from this last division, Ici^^^^- 

 1(^11^2, give rise to four very 

 small cells situated externally, 

 and to four much larger cells 

 situated internally. 



The larger daughter cells 

 arising from the last division 

 are denominated la^'^^^^-ld'^'^^^'': 

 Once again they undergo a 

 similar division, each giving 

 rise to a large internal cell and 

 a small external one. 

 Thus we finally get four concentric circles of small cells at the 

 upper pole of the egg, whilst the four larger internal cells resulting 

 from the last division form the rudiment of the cerebral ganglion 

 (g, Fig. 84). The cells, la^^^-ld^'^\ divide each into two daughter cells 

 of equal size, but the cells, la^^-ld^^ and la^'^-ld-', divide each into a 

 large internal and a small external cell. 



Turning now to the second quartette, each member of course 

 divided at the time that the third quartette was given off, for until the 

 32-cell stage all the cells of the egg divide together. Thus we 

 have eight cells, 2a'--2d'- and 2a^-2d^^; if we take the divisions in 

 quadrant as an example of the whole we find that 2d^, divides into a 

 smaller external cell, 2a'^^, and a larger deeper cell, 2aii, whilst 2a^ 

 divides into two equal cells one above the other. The lower of these 



Fig. 85. — Developing egg of Planocera inquiliiia 

 in a late stage of segmentation, viewed from 

 animal pole. (After Surface, slightly altered.) 



ci/p, thin apical plate without distinction of cell 

 outlines formed by tlie cells am, fem, cin, and dm. 

 The dotted lines indicate concentric circles of small 

 cells near the animal pole of the egg. A third circle 

 is constituted by the cells composing the apical plate. 



