266 



INVEETEBEATA 



CHAP. 



The remarkable agreement in all essential details between the 

 development of a primitive insect like Le-pisma and a highly modified 

 one like Donacia, which is disclosed by Heymons' researches, enables 

 one to pass over the embryonic development of other groups quickly. 

 In Odonata (Paraneuroptera) the embryonic area is comparatively 

 short, and the hinder end is invaginated into the interior of the egg ; 



or to put it in another way, 

 there is only a posterior, no 

 anterior amniotic fold; but 

 in all the higher insects, as 

 in Donacia, there are both 

 anterior and posterior am- 

 niotic folds, and this is the 

 case in true Orthoptera. 



In the Lepidoptera yolk 

 spheres pass in between 

 amnion and serosa after the 

 front and back amnion folds 

 have united, so that the 

 embryonic area is said to be 

 immersed. In Lepidoptera, 

 too, all the abdominal seg- 

 ments develop appendages, 

 and these are retained on 

 those segments which, in 

 the caterpillar larva, possess 

 sucker feet. 



In those Hymenoptera 

 which possess a caterpillar- 

 like larva, the same thing is 

 true. It is true also of 

 many Coleopterous embryos, 

 ct Meloloniha. In these 

 larvae — in early stages — all 

 the abdominal segments 

 have appendages, but all 

 disappear except that on the first abdominal segment, which lasts a 

 long time and becomes glandular. 



The eggs of Diptera, which develop very rapidly, show a 

 comparatively long embryonic area, and the same is true of the 

 rapidly developing parthenogenetic eggs of Hemiptera. In fact, the 

 variation in relative size of embryonic area and yolk seems to be 

 the most important feature in the eggs of different kinds of insects. 



ser 



Fig. 211. — Two diagram raatio lateral views through 

 the egg of Machilis aliernata in dillereut stages 

 of development. (After Heymons. ) 



A, stage , of incipient invagination of the embryo. 

 B, stage of more complete invagination of the embryo. 

 Letters as in previous figure. 



METAMORPHOSIS 



We shall now consider the second stage of the development of 

 insects, viz. the metamorphosis of the larva into the adult form. The 



