THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD. Tor 
Relations. —Outer surface with the abductor longus (#2), a 
small strand of the platysma and the concha. Inner surface 
with the temporal muscle (z). 
Action.—Pulls the concha caudad. 
M. epicranius (or occipitofrontalis) (Fig. 63, # and 4’). 
Origin on the sagittal crest or suture, just craniad of the 
origin of the levator longus auris, to the inner surface of which 
this muscle is closely united. From the origin the fibres pass 
craniad forming a band (/) about 8 or 10 millimeters in width, 
the two muscles lying close to one another and partly united 
in the middle line. About two centimeters craniad of their 
origin the fibres ot both muscles end in a tendinous sheet, the 
galea aponeurotica, which covers the surface of the skull in the 
region between the ears and eyes, and is formed by the inner 
surface of the intermedius scutulorum (a) and other muscles of 
this region. The galea aponeurotica passes craniad onto the 
surface of the nose, where it gives origin again to a thin sheet 
of muscle-fibres (4') which are inserted into the integument 
near the cranial ends of the nasal bones. 
M. epicranius is thus formed of two muscular portions 
(A and #’), connected by a long tendinous sheet. The caudal 
portion is frequently distinguished as the occipital muscle 
(M. occipitalis, %), the cranial portion, on the nose, as the 
frontal muscle (M. frontalis, /’). 
Relations. —Outer surface of the occipitalis (%) with the 
intermedius scutulorum (a), the levator auris longus (g), and 
the integument; inner surface with the auricularis superior (/), 
the abductor auris longus, and the bone. Outer surface of 
the frontalis (4) with the integument; inner surface with the 
bones of the skull. 
Action.—Moves the integument of the dorsal surface of the 
head and of the nose. 
Ventrad of the external ear the following three differen- 
tiated portions of the platysma may be distinguished. 
M. zygomaticus (major) (Fig. 64, @).—A slender band 
connecting the angle of the mouth with the scutiform cartilage 
of the ear. 
At the angle of the mouth the fibres arise from among those 
