442 APPENDIX 
VI. Muscles oN THE VENTRAL SIDE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN 
THE Neck Region (Fig. 72). 
Clean the surface of these muscles, removing pharynx, larynx, 
cesophagus, and trachea, if this has not been done. 
1. Longus capitis (p. 142, and Fig. 72, a). 
2. Longus colli (p. 144, and Fig. 72, g', g”). 
3. Levator scapule ventralis (p. 120, and Fig. 72, ¢’, c”). 
Observe its origin. 
4. Rectus capitis anterior minor (p. 143, and Fig. 72, 4). To 
see this, cut through on one side the longus capitis and one head of 
the levator scapule ventralis, and remove the proximal portions, as 
in Fig. 72. 
5. Obliquus capitis superior (p. 136, and Fig. 72, e). 
6. Rectus capitis lateralis (p. 143, and Fig. 72, @). 
VII. Muscies or THE Bacx (p. 123). 
Remove what remains of the dorsal portion of the Jatissimus dorsi, 
serratus posterior superior, and serratus posterior inferior. See that 
the skin is removed completely to the dorsal middle line, or even for 
a little distance over onto the other side. There is thus exposed 
the lumbodorsal fascia (p. 126), covering the muscles of the back. 
Cut the superficial layer of the lumbodorsal fascia (that from 
which the latissimus dorsi and obliquus externus abdominis have 
origin) by an incision parallel to the dorsal median line, and remove 
it. The muscles of the back are thus exposed (Fig. 69). Observe 
in the lumbar region the longissimus dorsi (7, /’, 7"); in the 
thoracic region the longissimus dorsi, the spinalis dorsi (g), and the 
iliocostal (4); in the cervical region the splenius (Fig. 73, 4). 
1. The longissimus dorsi (p. 126, and Fig. 69, 74, 7’, /”). 
Notice in the lumbar region the strong deep layer of the lumbodorsal 
fascia, by which this muscle is covered, and from the under side of 
which many of the fibres of the muscle take origin. Cut this fascia 
by an incision parallel to the dorsal median line and about two 
centimeters from it, from the level of the crest of the ilium as far 
craniad as the fascia can be cut without cutting into the muscle-fibres 
(usually to about the level of the last rib). Reflect the medial 
division of the fascia to the middle line. Reflect the lateral division 
of the fascia until it passes into the muscle and cannot be farther 
reflected. 
Observe then in the lumbar region the medial (Fig. 70, a) and 
lateral (Fig. 70, 4) divisions of the longissimus dorsi, and the portion 
(o') of the lateral division taking origin from the lumbodorsal fascia 
(c). Dissect apart some of the muscle-fibres of the longissimus and 
observe their origin and insertion. 
Trace the longissimus dorsi into the thoracic and cervical regions 
