446 APPENDIX. 
IX. Tur DiapHraGmM aND THE MUSCLES ON THE VENTRAL SIDE OF 
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN THE LuMBAR AND PeELvic REGIONS. 
Remove the ventral and lateral walls of the thorax completely, 
as far back as the diaphragm,—leaving only a ring attached to the 
margin of the diaphragm. Remove the abdominal walls in the same 
way, as far back as the pubis, leaving the diaphragm in position. 
Remove the thoracic viscera (the heart and lungs may be preserved 
for future study). Remove also the abdominal viscera as far back 
as the beginning of the pelvis, cutting the large intestine where it 
passes into the pelvis. The dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity 
should be cleared of fat, blood-vessels, etc., without injury to the 
crura of the diaphragm. 
. The diaphragm (p. 151, and Fig. 74). Study by transmitted 
light, to see the tendons, etc. 
2, The psoas minor (p. 139, and Fig. 162, 9, p. 398). Find its 
tendon and separate it from the iliopsoas (Fig. 162, 8) as far craniad 
as this can be done without tearing the fibres. 
3. The iliopsoas (p. 193, and Fig. 162, 8). Find both portions; 
isolate them as far as it can be done. 
4. The quadratus lumborum (p. 139). Free the lateral edge of 
the iliopsoas from the abdominal wall and turn the whole muscle 
mediad as far as possible. The bundles of the quadratus lumborum 
will be found beneath it, against the transverse processes of the 
lumbar vertebree. 
With a heavy cartilage-knife separate the two innominate bones 
along the pelvic symphysis. This is easily done if the knife is 
inserted exactly into the line of junction of the two bones. Divaricate 
the edges some distance, so as to make a ventral opening into the 
pelvic cavity. If necessary, part of the innominate bone of one side 
may be removed to make the opening larger. 
Find the thin sheet of fibres forming the levator ani muscle (Fig. 
162, 11) at the side of the rectum, attached to the edge of the sym- 
physis. Carefully free the rectum and urogenital organs from this 
and remove them as far as the anus, leaving the levator ani intact. 
5. The iliocaudalis (p. 137, and Fig. 162, 11’). 
6. The levator ani (p. 269, and Fig. 162, 11). 
Remove with great care the levator ani and iliocaudalis of one 
side, by cutting first the attachment to the symphysis and the ilium, 
turning the muscle mediad, then cutting the attachment to the tail. 
There are thus exposed on the lateral wall of the thorax the medial 
surface of the obturator internus, craniad of it the pyriformis, caudad 
of it the quadratus femoris. Dorsad of these is the abductor caude 
internus. 
7. The abductor caudz internus (p. 137). 
On the ventral surface of the tail are exposed the following: 
8. The flexor caudz longus (p. 138, and Fig. 162, 12). 
g. The flexor caudz brevis (p. 138, and Fig. 162, 13). 
