PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 451 
IV. The pharynx (p. 231). Remove the large lymphatic gland 
between the atlantal transverse process and the larynx. Clean the 
outer surface of the pharynx. Dissect the muscles of the pharynx 
(p. 232) as follows: 
(2) The inferior constrictor (Fig. 96, 4). 
(2) The middle constrictor (Fig. 96, 7). 
(c) The glossopharyngeus (Fig. 96, 7). 
(Z) The.stylopharyngeus (Fig. 96, 7). 
The superior constrictor cannot well be seen at this point; it will 
be examined later. 
Disarticulate the cranial cornu of the hyoid from the bulla 
tympani and make an incision the length of the lateral wall of the 
pharynx so as to expose its cavity; study. Examine its opening into 
the mouth-cavity and study the general description (p. 231). Find 
and study the soft palate (p. 230). Dissect the tensor and levator 
palatini muscles (p. 230, and Fig. 66, d@ and e, p. 112), using, if 
necessary, the specimen on which the other muscles were dissected. 
Then slit the soft palate lengthwise at one side of the median line to 
expose the nasopharynx (p. 231). Bring the choanz into view. by 
use of a bit of mirror-glass. Pass a bristle into the nares and out at 
the choane. Pass a bristle through the Eustachian tube into the. 
middle ear. 
V. CEsophagus (p. 234). After completing the study of the 
pharynx, leave the larynx and lungs in position and by displacing: 
them toward the right follow the cesophagus to its termination. 
Open it to see the folds of the mucosa. 
VI. Cut through the duodenum at its distal end and through the 
duodenal mesentery so as to separate the stornach and duodenum, 
with the liver, pancreas, and spleen, from the remainder of the 
alimentary canal. Float the parts in a dish of water. 
VII. Study the stomach (p. 234, and Fig. 97). Cut out the 
ventral wall of the stomach and wash it out, so as to study its cavity, 
and then continue the cut so as to expose the pyloric valve (p. 235). 
VIII. Study the duodenum (p. 236). Cut away the ventral 
walls of the duodenum far enough to expose the ampulla of Vater. 
IX. Study the liver (p. 239, and Figs. 100 and 101). Expose 
the hepatic duct of the left lateral lobe near its entrance into the 
lobe, and follow it so as to expose it fully. If necessary, prick it and 
inflate with blowpipe in order to follow it. Then expose the cystic 
duct and other hepatic ducts and follow them to or from the common 
bile-duct. Trace the latter to the duodenum. If the air does not 
enter any duct readily, it may be made to do so by manipulating the 
duct so as to break up the precipitated bile which obstructs it. 
X. Study the pancreas (p. 241, and Fig. roz), Expose the 
pancreatic duct near its entrance into the ampulla of Vater, by 
removing the peritoneum from the pancreas just caudad of the end 
of the common bile-duct, and by dissecting apart the pancreatic 
lobules until the duct appears. (If possible, expose also the acces- 
