534 



ZOOLOGY. 



Fig. 457.— Brain of tlie Hen. A , from above, 

 B, from below ; a, olfactory bulbs ; 6. cere- 

 bral hemispheres; c, optic lobes* d, cerebel- 

 lum ; rf', Its lateral parts ; tf, medulla. — After 

 Carus, from Uegenbaur. 



free barbs, called plumules. Over the tail-bone {coccyx) are 

 usually sebaceous glands, which secrete an oil, used by the 



J. bird in oiling and dress- 



ing or "preening" its 

 feathers. In some birds, 

 especially in the males of 

 the gallinaceous fowls, as 

 the cock and turkey, the 

 head and neck are orna- 

 mented with naked folds 

 of the skin called " combs" 

 and "wattles." 



The brain is much larger 

 than in the reptiles, the 

 cerebral hemispheres being greatly increased in size, while 

 the cerebellum is transversely furrowed, and is so large as to 

 cover the whole of the me- 

 dulla. The alimentary ti-act 

 consists of an cesophagus as 

 long as the neck ; it dilates 

 in the domestic fowl and other 

 seed-eating birds, as well as 

 in the raptorial birds, into a 

 lateral sac called the crop (in- 

 (jluvies). The stomach is di- 

 vided into two parts, the first, 

 the proventrictilus, which is 

 glandular, secreting a digest- 

 ive fluid ; and the second, 

 which corresponds to the pylo- 

 ric end of the stomach in the 

 mammals, is round, with mus- 

 cular walls, especially develop- 

 ed in seed-eating birds, and 



called the " gizzard." In the Fig. 453.— Thymus m) and thyroid (0 

 „ -, ."-,,. J .,, glands of a young hawk, Buteo vulgarie 



fowl the gizzard is lined Wltn of Europe ; <r, trachea. -After Gegen- 



a firm horny layer, by which 



the food is crushed and comminuted, thus taking the place 



of teeth. The intestine (including the large and small intes- 



