TEE VARIETIES OF MAM. 637 



said to be orthognathous. Those skulls which are high and 

 narrow, i.e., with the longer diameter to the shorter, as 100 

 to 65, are said to be dolichocephalic, while those with the 

 diameters as 100 to 85 are called brachycephatic, but these dis- 

 tinctions have been found to be quite arbitrary. 



The classification of the human races is in as an unsatis- 

 factory state as that of the domestic animals. Naturalists 

 are now agreed that there is but one species of man. Blu- 

 menbach, from the shape of the skull and the color of the 

 skin, divided mankind into three varieties, the white or Cau- 

 casian, the brown or Mongolian, and the black or Ethiopian, 

 considering the American variety as connecting the Caucasian 

 and Mongolian, and the Malayan as intermediate between 

 the Caucasian and Ethiopian. Hamilton Smith divided 

 man into three varieties, Caucasian, Mongolian, and Tropi- 

 cal ; Latham, also, into three, Japetidse, Mongolidae, and 

 Atlantidae ; and Pickering into white, brown, and black 

 varieties, with intermediate races. Huxley divides the dif- 

 ferent races into two primary groups, the Ulotrichi, with 

 crisp or woolly hair, and the Leiotrichi with smooth hair. 



The average height of Englishmen is 5-8-5-10 feet; in 

 the universities more. In America, the average height of 

 medical and military men is 5 • 9f feet. The Patagonian men 

 are nearly six feet high on an average; the women 5-10 feet; 

 the Bushman and Esquimaux 4-7, the latter being the small- 

 est people on the earth. The smallest dwarfs in Eui'ope 

 were 33 and 28 inches in height respectively ; while Pat- 

 rick Cotter, the Irish giant, was 8 feet 7 inches tall. 



It is claimed by some naturalists that man has descended 

 from some generalized type of animal which gave rise to 

 several series of forms culminating in the monkeys, apes, 

 and man respectively, and by others that he is a direct 

 descendant of forms like the chimpanzee or gorilla; but 

 it is probable that from the want of Sufficient data, 

 the question as to the origin of man can never be def- 

 initely settled. Setting hypothesis aside, in ascending 

 the mammalian series, we have seen in the forms lead- 

 ing from the extinct Eocene generalized types of Ed- 

 ucahilia to the Carnivora and Primates, a tendency to 

 an extreme specialization of those parts ministering to the 



