6b Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 



details could be given concerning the individual features. Every possible care 

 was taken to ensure accuracy, but the difficulties were so great that laboratory 

 standards of exactness should not be applied to the results. 



Generally speaking I tried to follow the instructions contained in Notes and 

 Queries on Anthropology, 4th Ed., published by the Royal Anthropological 

 Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1912. The measurements taken were : — 



1. Stature. — The subject was made to stand erect, his eyes fixed on where 

 the horizon would be if visible, knees straight, heels together and toes pointing 

 outward. It was not possible to measure the natives bare-footed on account 

 of the snow floor, so a deduction of 7 mm. has been made in every case, an average 

 arrived at by actually measuring the thickness of a normal set of foot-gear. 



2. Head Length. — The maximum distance from the glabella to the farthest 

 point behind in a straight-line. The glabella was seldom prominent, seeming 

 to depend a great deal on the shape of the forehead, for the bridge of the nose 

 was often greatly sunken and the glabella, instead of protruding, was almost 

 hollow, the forehead sloping down in an even curve to the bridge. In such cases 

 I assumed the glabella to be the point where the line of the eyebrows inter- 

 sected the median line down the nose. 



3. Head Breadth. — The maximum diameter transversely to the head above 

 the plane of the ear-holes, the points of the callipers being kept at the same 

 horizontal level. No deduction was made for the thickness of the hair, but the 

 callipers were inserted as far as possible through the hair directly against the skin. 



4. Head Circumference. — The tape passed over the glabella, above the ears 

 and over the remotest point on the back of the head, no deduction being made 

 for the thickness of the hair. 



5. Total Face Length. — From the nasion to the lower edge of the chin in 

 the middle line, the subject holding the mouth closed in a natural manner. The 

 nasion was a point of some difficulty to determine. It is defined in Notes and 

 Queries as the "most depressed point at the root of the nose." This is usually 

 marked by a wrinkle, but in many cases there were two and even three wrinkles 

 between which it was extremely difficult to choose. In such cases I was guided 

 to some extent by the relative positions of the eyes, but undoubtedly another 

 observer might quite well have fixed upon some other point than that which was 

 actually adopted and the resultant figures would show some divergence in 

 consequence. 



6. Upper Face Length. — ^From the nasion, as defined above, to the alveolar 

 point. 



7. Face Breadth. — The greatest width obtained while moving the callipers 

 at right angles to the face along the zygomatic arches. 



8. Nose Height. — From the nasion to the subnasal point. 



9. Nose Breadth. — The maximum distance between the alae, which were 

 only hghtly touched by the callipers. 



10. Nose Depth. — From the sub-nasal point to the highest point on the nose. 

 This was a very unsatisfactory measurement, as it was not easy to determine 

 the highest point; moreover it does not give the absolute degree of prominence 

 of the nose, as this depends also on the shape. 



11. Jow Breadth. — Taken between the corner angles. The fleshiness of 

 the subject seemed to make a considerable difference in this measurement. 



Except in the case of the Alaskan natives the ages that are given are approxi- 

 mate only. 



In conclusion I should like to acknowledge the very great assistance I have 

 received in preparing this paper from Dr: F. Boas, of Columbia University, and 

 from Dr. E. A. Hooton, of Harvard University, both of whom furnished -me 

 with many valuable suggestions and criticisms, although they are not responsi- 

 ble in any way either for the form in which the paper is presented or for any 

 statements that are made in it. 



