56c Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 



The Scapula 



There was only one scapula in a sufficient state of repair for the estimation 

 of its index. This proved to be 72-4. DuckworthC) gives an average scapular 

 index of 61 for the Eskimo, so that it is evident there is a wide range of racial 

 variation. The same observer gives 65-3 as the average European scapular 

 index. The. writer(") found indices of 69-1 and 71-2 in the scapulae of two 

 ancient Egyptian princes of the Xllth Dynasty. It may be noted that the 

 higher the index, the more simian is the scapula. 



The Humerus 



The writer found perforation of the olecranon fossa in one out of ten adult 

 humeri. These exhibited no trace of a supracondyloid process. 



The Innominate Bone 



There were only two innominate bones (XIV D-7 and XIV F-1) sufficiently 

 intact to permit of the estimation of their indices. These were 76-2 and 74, 

 with an average of 75-1. DuckworthC^") gives indices of 87 and 89 for two 

 Eskimo skeletons, so that we recognize once more an extensive range of racial 

 variation for this index. In white races it was found to vary from 74- 5 to 79 • 1. 

 The lower the index, the more simian is the type of innominate bone. 



The Femur 



All the femora, without exception, exhibited the forwardly directed con- 

 vexity of their shafts associated with the characteristic pilastered condition of 

 the linea aspera, which is so prevalent in races that habitually squat. The neck 

 of the femur was relatively short in comparison with the Anglo-Saxon type, but 

 joined the shaft at about the same angle. In four out of six cases the squatting 

 facet was present on the anterior aspect of the femoral neck. 



The stature was estimated from the lengths of the femora, using the propor- 

 tion • 275 as given by Thane,C) and was found to vary from 161 ■ 2 cm. in a male 

 to 140-3 cm. in a female. The average stature for the Eskimo male is given as 

 162-1 cm. by Deniker.(^) 



The index of platymeria was taken on the bone at the level where the 

 buttress descending from the small trochanter fades away on the posterior 

 aspect of the shaft. The index varied from 101 • 6 to 80 ■ 9, so that practically no 

 tendency to flattening of the shaft of the femur existed in these skeletons. 



The Tibia 



The upper ends exhibited varying degrees of retroversion, as found in races 

 that habitually squat; but this was not nearly so pronounced as in two skeletons 

 from Ancient Egypt described by the writer.^) Moreover, there were no squat- 

 ting facets on the lower ends of the tibiee, nor on the necks of the astragah. This 

 provides us with a hint as to the exact squatting posture adopted by the indi- 

 vidual, for it is evident that the Eskimos squatted with their buttocks still resting 

 on the ground, while in the East we find the more extreme degree where the 

 buttocks rest upon the heels. The latter is therefore associated with the most 

 extreme condition of flexion of the hip, knee and ankle joints, thus producing 

 facets on the neck of the femur, the lower end of the tibia and the neck of the 

 astragalus, together with marked retroversion of the upper end of the tibia, a 

 pilastered femur and platycnemia of the tibial shaft. 



1 Quain's Anatomy, 10th Ed., Vol. II, Pt. I. 



2 Quoted by Duckworth (i«). 



