36 NATURE STUDY AND AGRICULTURE 
stump and become the new stem of the tree. This opera- 
tion is called grafting. 
(2) If instead of a twig we use just a bud, we cut through 
the bark of our hardy seedling, slip the bud partly in under 
the bark, and tie it in place. When done skillfully, the bud 
will grow, and develop into a promising shoot, and after the 
removal of the foster tree’s own stem this shoot takes its 
place and becomes the new 
= stem. This process, called bud- 
| ding, is regarded as merely a 
special form of grafting. By 
4 either method we obtain trees 
; in all respects like those from 
which the buds were taken, 
and bearing the same sort of 
ci on ee SEEM ES fruit, though nourished by a 
a. T-shaped cut ready for the bud. 1 oot-system of different origin. 
b. The bud attached to the bark. Cuttings and Slips. — We 
eS know that if we stick a willow 
shoot in the ground it will take root and grow, if the necessary 
conditions are observed. That principle is employed in 
multiplying currant bushes and grapes. The section of the 
stem used for the purpose is called a cutting. In geraniums 
and similar house plants, we usually call it a slip. 
Layering. — Some bushes and vines will take root wherever 
they touch the ground, especially if partially covered by 
it. For example, (1) the end of a black raspberry cane is 
pulled down to the ground and covered with earth, letting 
just the tip stick out. It then takes root at that place and 
forms another plant which in due time is severed from the 
old bush and transplanted where it is wanted. (2) A grape- 
vine covered at intervals with earth takes root and may 
