FRUIT GROWING 37 
then be cut into pieces and each root used for a new 
plant. 
(3) Again, if we heap up the earth around a gooseberry bush 
and thus bury the lower ends of the canes they form new 
roots in this mound of soil. Then 
each cane with all its roots is cut off 
and set out asa separate plant. These 
three cases are merely variations of 
the same principle, and are called ip 
layering, vine layering, and mound 
layering, respectively. 
Suckers. — These are shoots which 
arise at various points on the roots of havenine 
some plants, as plums, or from root- 4 branch bent -and 
stocks, as in lilacs. When the plant pegged down and covered 
5 a : with soil. After adventi- 
is growing on its own roots, these ious roots have formed 
suckers furnish the readiest means of on the branch it is severed 
propagation, as in red raspberries, lilacs, iors Rape eleeh 
wild plums, and wild roses; but when the tree or bush is 
grafted, then the suckers, coming from the roots of the 
inferior stock, are usually worthless. 
Origin of New Varieties. — While our choice varieties 
are carefully perpetuated by the foregoing methods of propa- 
gation, we are adding new varieties every year that are 
hardier, mature earlier, bear more abundantly, have better 
flavor, or excel the old varieties in some other particular. 
There are two methods by which these new varieties are 
produced. 
(1) We have said that the seeds of our fruits do not “‘ come 
true,” the generation grown from them showing great di- 
versity and usually being quite inferior. But, as there is 
such great variation, the law of chance occasionally gives 
