BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN STATES 287 
141 Cinnamon Teal. Rare. S.R. 167 Ruddy Duck. S.R. 
142 Shoveller. S.R. 169 Snow Goose. Common. M. 
143 Pintail, Common. S.R. 169a@ Greater Snow Goose. M. 
144 Wood Duck. Rare. S.R. 169.1 Blue Goose. M. 
146 Redhead. M. and perhaps S.R. 171@ American White-fronted Goose. 
147 Canvas-back. M. M. 
148 American Scaup Duck. S.R. 172. Canada Goose. Common 
149 Lesser Scaup Duck. S.R. M. and S.R. 
150 Ring-necked Duck. Rare. S.R. 172a Hutchins Goose. M. 
1st American Golden-eye. M.and 172¢ Cackling Goose. Casual M. 
S.R. 173 Brant. M. 
132 Barrow Golden-eye. Rare M. 174 Black Brant. Rare M. 
and S. R. 180 Whistling Swan. Casual M. 
153 Buffle-head. M. and S.R. 181 Trumpeter Swan. Frequent 
166 White-winged Scoter. M. M., formerly S.R. 
WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS 
These include certain long-legged, long-necked, long-billed, and short- 
tailed birds, usually living in open places on the shores of rivers and 
lakes, though some of them are often found far away from water, in 
‘marshes or even on uplands. Their long legs are used for wading, and 
their long bills for probing for food in the mud on the shore or at the 
bottom of shallow water. The long-toed feet make it easy for them 
to walk over soft mud, but they are not webbed for swimming. The 
characteristics of the class do not hold true of every individual species ; 
afew marked exceptions are noted under the different families. This 
order includes all the families on the following pages down to the Land 
Birds. 
Heron Family. — Large birds with the long pointed bill, long neck, 
and long legs of typical waders. The herons are found near water, but 
the bitterns, which also belong to the family, occupy grassy meadows 
and marshes. 
190 American Bittern. Shide Poke. Stake Driver. Length 24-34 
inches. 
A large, solitary, retiring bird often seen in marshy areas. He is 
like “‘ patience on a monument ” and will stand for an hour or two on 
one leg and wait for a frog or a snake to come within reach, when, like 
a flash, it goes into his crop. In spring, he produces the booming or 
