CATTLE 355 
are, therefore, often called dual purpose or general purpose 
breeds. The Red Polls are the most popular breed of this 
class, and the milk strains of Shorthorns and some minor 
breeds not described in this book are also classed here. 
SHORTHORN Cow (MILxk STRAIN) 
ScruB CATTLE AND GRADE CATTLE 
The descriptions we have given apply to pure-bred stock, 
which is not the kind that forms the ordinary herds on our 
farms and ranches. Such cattle are either scrub or grade 
animals. By scrubs we mean the common cattle that have no 
relation to any recognized breed, but are a mixture of many 
strains and races. Although some of these scrubs are very 
satisfactory, they do not breed true, and the offspring of a 
valuable cow may be a very poor animal. Such a herd may 
be greatly improved by placing at its head a pure-bred sire 
of the desired kind. The offspring would then be what is 
