356 DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
called grade catile, and in a few generations the grades will 
closely resemble the sire and be nearly as useful as pure-bred 
cattle. Grade cattle are what we usually find when we hear 
of Jerseys, Holsteins, Shorthorns, Herefords, etc., in ordinary 
farm herds. , Pure-bred cattle are too expensive for general 
use and are chiefly employed for breeding purposes. 
QUESTIONS AND PROJECTS 
1. Breeds. — What breeds of cattle are there in your vicinity? Which 
are the most common? Why are they preferred? Are any of them 
pure-bred? See as many herds as possible and note the breed and all 
its characteristics. Try to get interesting information from the owner. 
2. Milk and butter.—Is there a creamery in your vicinity? If so, 
how much milk is received daily? How many cows supply this milk? 
Then what is the average milk production per cow? Find out what 
records are made by some of the better cows. Visit the creamery and 
observe the process of butter making. 
3. The pasture. — Learn about the pasture of some herd. (a) How 
many acres in it? How many animals does it support? Is that a 
satisfactory number? (b) Are the grasses wild or have they been seeded? 
What kinds are there? Are there any other plants than grasses, that is, 
any legumes? What kinds? What are their merits? 
4. The stable. —Is it warm enough? An abundance of light? Well 
ventilated? What kind of floor? Is that satisfactory? What is con- 
sidered the best kind of floor? In case of dairy cows, see whether the 
barn is thoroughly clean. 
5. Feeding milch cows. — (a) Is the summer pasture supplemented 
with some grain or other concentrated feed? Is any use made of the 
soiling method, i.e. cutting green forage and supplying it to the cows? 
(6) For winter feeding what is the best kind of hay used in your vicinity 
for dairy cows? (c) Learn about a silo. How is it filled? What are 
the merits of silage for milch cows? (d) What grain or mill feed is used? 
6. Water. Salt, — (a) What are the best methods of watering stock 
in your vicinity? Milch cows need more water than other stock. Do 
they get it several times a day? (0) How frequently is salt supplied to 
the cattle? 
