CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 79 



In the first twelve months of the war in France Mange was 

 almost entirely excluded, but as the Army increased and super- 

 vision became more difficult outbreaks were more frequent. It 

 will be seen from the charts that incidence went up in the 

 winter to 3"8 per cent., which was the highest experienced, and 

 down during the summer, with the casting of coats, to 1 per 

 cent. The chart of 1918 is interesting in showing the relative 

 incidence between horses and mules, the highest occurrence in 

 the latter being 1"6 per cent, in winter and down to "4 per cent, 

 in Summer ; thus mules were at least three times less prone to 

 Mange than horses. These percentages included all cases, 

 serious and slight, and all were sent down to Lines of Commu- 

 nication for treatment. The amount represented in the aggre- 

 gate a considerable number of animals out of action, but 

 considering the difficult circumstances, and looking at incidence 

 from a- percentage point of view, total inefficiency from this 

 cause cannot be rated high in an animal parasitic disease, and 

 in a war where so many animals are congregated together. 

 Mange and Debility are usually associated, and though the 

 former may be cured, the latter delays issue. Animals are out 

 of action from one to two months. Our treatment was by 

 immersion every few days in warm Calcium sulphide solution in 

 large Dipping Baths, and proper grooming. Corps had their 

 dipping baths for prevention. 



I regret to say that Mange (Sarcoptic) is very prevalent 

 amongst camels in India, and on Frontier Expeditions it 

 occasions considerable wastage and loss of efficiency. The 

 association of Debility and Mange in intensified in this animal. 

 So large is the amount in Civil districts that purchasing officers 

 have experienced a difficulty in purchasing clean animals, and 

 those with slight Mange have had to be accepted. The only 

 course is to erect Dips at centres in Civil Districts and dip 

 animals in the same manner as sheep. Qamel Dips have been 

 in use during the recent Waziristan Expedition with great 

 success ; and with periodical dipping, camels slightly or not too 

 badly affected have been able to carry on their work. Dips are 

 now being erected even in Eastern Persia. 



The total occurrence of Mange in camels employed by 

 Government for the year ending 31st March, 1920, numbered 



