158 ANIMALS USED IN WAR. 



unmanageable from their wounds and attacked friend and foe 

 indiscriminately. At last they refused to charge any longer. 

 The Indian troops were defeated with heavy losses, and King 

 Porus, who fought most bravely from a huge elephant until the 

 very end, sought refuge in flight — to be captured shortly after. 

 I have alluded to this battle specially, as it is perhaps the most 

 glorious encounter in which elephants participated. They were 

 certainly not relished by Alexander's troops, for in the 

 complaints by the latter of war weariness and that they had 

 gone far enough, they stated that towards the East there were 

 ■ still more powerful monarchs than Porus whose war elephants 

 and armies were stronger and more numerous than his. 



At the battle of Ipsus in Asia Minor in 301 B.C. Seleucus, 

 a great soldier and one of Alexander's Generals, was said to 

 have used his elephants (480 in number) with great effect 

 against Demetrius, He obtained the elephants and large 

 sums of money from Chandragupta of Indian fame in exchange 

 for territory and the matrimonial alliance of his daughter. 



The elephants of Antiochus Soter, a successor of Seleucus, in 

 280 B.C., caused a mad stampede amongst the Cavalry of the 

 Gauls (said to have numbered 40,000) who had overrun 

 Northern Asia Minor and settled in Phrygia. Antiochus 

 celebrated the victory by a trophy bearing the figure of an 

 elephant. In all probability they were Chandragupta's 

 elephants. I mention this as of interest to India, elephants 

 being long-lived animals. They are remounts at 40 and 50 

 years, and perform useful work up to 80 and 100 years. 



Later on, at the Battle of Kaphia. in Palestine, in 217 B.C., 

 there was an encounter between Indian elephants of Antiochus 

 the Great and African elephants of Ptolemy of Egypt in which 

 the Indian elephants prevailed, although the battle was lost to 

 Antiochus. 



The Macedonians at the siege of Megalopolis attacked with 

 elephants, but the defenders strewed the ground with long 

 spikes concealed under loose earth, and the huge animals 

 maddened with pain, broke back, killing their, own troops. 



In the First Punic War the Carthaginian Army used 



•elephants before Palermo. The Eomans struck terror into 



them by means of flaming arrows and fireworks. They were 



