162 A Modern Bee-Farm 
The reader will understand that the chief feature of the 
modern bar-frame hive is that each comb is built in a 
separate frame, enabling such to be removed at will without 
force, and without in any way soiling or injuring the comb. 
Each frame stands about 8-inch from its neighbor, and 
14-inch from the centre of one to that of the next, though 
this space may be varied to suit different requirements as 
hereafter shown. The frame rests only upon or in the hive 
proper by a lug or ear at each end, and a space of not more 
than 3-inch must be allowed between the two end bars of 
the frame and the walls of the hive; while not less than 
34-inch should be provided betwéen the bottom rail and the 
floor ; or 4-inch at the sides. 
I present to the reader a simple hive with eleven frames, 
occupying a space across the case, inside, of 16} inches; 
and another hive with frames, equally as simple, but more 
complete, having an outer case, as shown in the illustrations 
of Simmins’ “ Conqueror,” which was introduced to bee- 
keepers in 1888, as the perfection of his “ Non-Swarming 
System ” offered some years previously. Also a very 
practically arranged hive with frames’ 16 inches by 
10 inches, the more suitable size for commercial, as 
indeed for all highly profitable purposes. 
THE ECONOMIC HIVE. 
This is a simple and substantial hive, made from 32-inch 
deal. It contains nine frames and two dummies, and the 
width of the hive inside, measuring across the frames, is 
163 inches. By removing the dummies there is room for 
eleven frames for ordinary spacing, or as designed by me 
for close spacing in the first instance, twelve may be used 
only 4-inch apart. I have practised crowding and close 
spacing ever since foundation first came into use, finding 
