and its Economic Management. 219 
Summer. There is no warmth in extra packing during 
cold weather; none in double walls or added dummies. 
though they may be packed with chaff, until at the 
approach of Spring the bees expand their cluster under 
the influence of brood rearing, and the higher temperature 
induced by the greater consumption of nitrogenous food. 
It is then only that the walls or coverings are warm, or 
retain the warmth generated by the bees then clustering 
upon them. 
The Winter Cluster 
will generally be seen located towards one or other of the 
outside walls at the ends of the frames, and starting from 
near the floor at the commencement of cold weather will 
be found to slowly advance upwards as the stores are 
consumed close at hand. The illustration, as represented 
in Figs. 26, 75—78, will show that the cluster is formed 
upon the empty cells wherefrom the later batches of brood 
were hatched, and it is at once evident the larger frame 
shows decided advantages in that an abundance of food is 
present on each frame occupied by the bees, thus ensuring 
that restfulness so necessary to the well-being of our little 
friends, and avoiding the too frequent occurrence of starva- 
tion while the distant (smaller) frames may be well stored. 
The situation of the cluster is represented by the letter 
C; the stores by S. 
It should not be forgotten that before the “quilt” or 
frame covering came into use, most hives were constructed 
with a bee-space between the frame bars-and the crown- 
board. When the close-fitting quilt was adopted this space 
was closed, to the detriment of the bees, in that the cluster 
could no longer communicate at the spot most favorable 
for the purpose; consequently the outer seams of bees 
frequently perished. 
