468 A Modern Bee-Farm 
quantity ; and (3) The “Commercial,” a double compart- 
ment feeder of full size, to go on top of the hive, and holding 
anything from 20 to 40 lbs. of syrup; all arranged for the 
simple process of putting in the usual proportions of sugar 
and water, when with no further attention the whole is 
shortly reduced to syrup. 
The sugar must be suspended in the water by means of 
the perforated compartments as shown in Figs. 65, 70, 72, 
73 and 74; thus allowing a free circulation of liquid under. 
Abbott’s Self-spacing Frames (Fig. 99).—These frames 
present a very neat appearance, they are less affected by 
propolis than other frames of the self-spacing kinds, and are 
always cleaner than metal ends, which present a sorry 
spectacle as soon as they become rusty. 
By-the-way, Messrs. Abbott offer metal ends constructed 
from aluminium, which, of course, do not become discolored. 
Metal Ends for keeping brood frames equi-distant are 
illustrated at Fig.91. These were the invention of the late 
Mr. W. B. Carr, and are so cheaply produced by several 
manufacturers that the cast metal ends have been driven out 
of the field. Their formation permits of using frames at two 
distinct distances from centre to centre, though the fact is 
seldom taken advantage of, and when once placed on the 
frames the set distance is generally retained. 
The Author uses no metal ends, finding them most 
inconvenient ; as doubtless most bee-keepers would do, if 
they once tried to do without them. 
Artificial Heat !—What numerous and costly experi- 
ménts have I not conducted in this direction, extending over 
many years? It is both a destructive and a helpful process. 
Hurtful if applied before warm weather is really near at 
