12 Grain Screenings. 



mers of the surrounding country for this " black chop ". It is usually 

 fed to animals on pasture. In northern Alberta grain the chief weed 

 seeds are wild buckwheat, lamb's quarters, and wild oats. The only 

 mustard that is very prevalent is ball mustard. It is probably on 

 account of the comparatively few mustard seeds and the greater pro- 

 portion of wild oats and wild buckwheat that this feed has proven at 

 all satisfactory. In both Calgary and Macleod, milling companies 

 have had to remove the fine black seeds before the screenings can be 

 marketed. A representative of a large packing house in Macloed 

 states that the entire screenings are of no value as a hog feed. Hogs 

 will "nose it over" and what little they do eat, according to his obser- 

 vation, does them no good. If water is put on it, it goes into a sort of 

 cement — "not worth anything" is his verdict. 



All through the west chop-feed made from recleaned screenings 

 sells readily and gives excellent results. Buckwheat screenings seem 

 to make an especially satisfactory hog feed. 



Nearly all of the larger flour milling companies pulverize their 

 entire screenings for mixing with their by-products. 



IN EASTERN CANADA. 



The quantity of screenings used by Eastern Canada feed manu- 

 facturers varies widely according to the abundance and price of coarse 

 grains. Every year, however, considerable quantities of them, mostly 

 scalpings, are shipped from the terminal elevators to Ontario and 

 Quebec, and ground up alone or mixed with other grains. 



If the scalpings have been carefully cleaned they make a cheap 

 and valuable feed, but screenings containing any appreciable quantity 

 of the finer weed seeds should never be accepted by eastern feed manu- 

 facturers. 



Grinding Screenings. 



The impossibility of pulverizing all of the seeds when the entire 

 screenings are ground up together by an ordinary chopper is well 

 illustrated by the analysis of a sample that had been ground with the 

 idea of putting it on the market as a feed. Qne-eight ounce contained 

 the following weed seeds: Noxious. — Tumbling mustard, 215; western 

 false flax, 8; wild mustard, 2; hare's-ear mustard, 2; stinkweed, 2; 

 small-seeded false flax, 1; stickseed, 1; campion, 1; perennial sow 

 thistle, 1. Other kinds. — Lamb's quarters, 460; cinquefoil, 7; green 

 foxtail, 6; timothy, 3; wormwood, 3; plantain, 1; evening primrose, 

 1; yarrow, 1; tickseed, 1; western wall-flower, 1. 



This is equivalent to 29,800 noxious'weed seeds and nearly 62,000 

 others per pound. 



The complete reduction of screenings containing the black seeds 

 is a difficult and expensive process. It requires specially constructed 

 machines which are difficult to drive, and thus expensive to operate. 

 Often a combination of two or more machines is employed, one of which 

 is usually an attrition mill. The "Perplex" or "Simplex" grinder is 



