98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



tip; the crown feathers are blackish in their concealed basal portions; 

 feathers of toes longer and denser than in summer. 



Adult female, summer plumage. — Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, inter 

 scapulars, scapulars, inner upper wing coverts, back, rump, and upper 

 tail coverts ochraceous-tawny to tawny-olive, each feather barred (and 

 in the case of the interscapulars, scapulars, and upper back often broadly 

 blotched) with fuscous-black, and tipped with pale tawny to pale olive- 

 buff, and occasionally to almost white; rest of upper wing coverts and 

 the remiges v/hite, the primaries with dusky brown shafts, which are 

 white terminally ; rectrices dark fuscous tipped with white ; lores and 

 sides of head cinnamon-buff to light ochraceous-buff, the feathers with 

 small fuscous transverse spots; chin and upper throat similar but often 

 with no or almost no dusky markings; lower throat, breast, upper ab- 

 domen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts ochraceous-buff to light 

 ochraceous-tawny heavily barred with wavy bands of clove brown to 

 fuscous ; middle of abdomen to vent, and thighs slightly paler and without 

 dark bands ; under wing coverts white ; "comb" pale vermilion ; bill dull 

 blackish, dull flesh color below at extreme base of lower mandible; claws 

 dark brown, whitish on terminal third. 



Adult female, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of the male but slightly 

 more grayish on the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, the tips of the 

 feathers being more ashy and the other brownish bars slightly less ru- 

 f escent ; the throat and breast paler — bright tawny, and the extent of 

 this color on the sides much reduced compared with the male ; the white 

 of the abdomen correspondingly more extensive. In this plumage there 

 usually is a sprinkling of feathers left over from the summer plumage, 

 especially on the lower breast and sides. 



Adult female, winter plumage. — Like the corresponding plumage of the 

 male, but the bases of the feathers of the crown are more grayish. 



First winter plumage (sexes alike). — Indistinguishable from the adult 

 female winter plumage. (Females are therefore not separable, but first- 

 winter males have the bases of the crown feathers more grayish, less 

 blackish than in adults.) 



First autumn plumage (sexes alike). — Similar to the summer plumage 

 of the adult female but with the brownish bars, edges, and tips of the 

 feathers of the upperparts paler and yellower — cinnamon-buff to honey 

 yellow, the dark marks on the throat and breast and upper abdomen 

 smaller, usually some of the rectrices retained from the juvenal plumage 

 — narrow, pointed, tipped with white, otherwise fuscous-black barred and 

 edged with cinnamon-buff to honey yellow, and with the outermost two 

 remiges also retained from the juvenal plumage; lower abdomen and 

 thighs grayish white. 



Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to the first autumn plumage but with 

 all but the outermost two remiges chaetura drab to clove brown, bordered 



