BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 143 



Canada, 1934, 1S4, in text (distr.; descr.) ; Canad. Water Birds, 1939, 166 (field 

 chars.).— Ulke, Can. Alpine Journ., 1934-35 (1936), 79 (Yoho Park, Canada; 

 common). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 213 (Oregon; distr.; 

 descr. ; habits) . 



C[anachites] franklini Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 315, 

 in text (age indicators in plumage) . 



[Canachites] franklini Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 71, in text 

 (distr.). 



Canachites franklinii American Orthologists' Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107. — Grin- 

 NELL, Pacific Coast Avif., No. !•, 1900, 31, in text.— Macoun, Cat. Can, Birds. 

 1900, 201 (distr.).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 126 

 (descr.; habits; distr.).— Brooks, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo District, British 

 Columbia; abundant) .—Edson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 438 (Bellingham Bay Region, 

 Wash.; hypothetical). — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 578 

 (distr., habits; Washington). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 

 1909, 219 (distr.).— Racey, Auk, xliii, 1926, 321 (Nita and Alpha Lakes, British 

 Columbia) .—Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36 (distr.),— Hand, 

 Condor, xliii, 1941', 225 (St. Joe National Forest, Idaho) .—Hellmayr and 

 Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 213 (syn. ; distr.). 



(?) Tetrao fusca Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., ii, 1815, 317 (based on 

 Small Brown Pheasant, Lewis and Clark, ii, 182) . 



T[ympanuchus] franklini Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320. 



CANACHITES CANADENSIS CANADENSIS (Linnaeus) 



Hudsonian Spruce Partridge 



Adult male. — Similar to that of Canachites franklinii but rectrices with 

 broad ochraceous-tawny tips and upper tail coverts without broad white 

 tips (tips usually not more than 4 mm. wide, as opposed to 10 mm.) in 

 franklinii, and usually gray, not white, and when white very seldom with- 

 out a grayish tinge) ; general color of upper parts variable, terminal mar- 

 gins of the feathers varying from gull gray to grayish drab ; the margins of 

 the upper wing coverts from buffy hair brown to Saccardo's umber; 

 sides and flanks likewise varying from bufify hair brown to Saccardo's 

 umber^* ; bill dark gray or blackish ; feet dusky ; iris brown. 



Adult female. — Like that of the same phase of Canachite.? franklinii 

 but without tips to the longer upper tail, coverts and with the rectrices 

 tipped with ochraceous-buff. 



Immature male. — Similar to the adult but with the juvenal outer 

 primaries. 



Immature female. — Similar to the adult of the corresponding phase but 

 with the juvenal outer primaries. 



Juvenal (sexes alike). — Like the adult female of the rufous phase 

 but still more rufescent, the crown varying from cinnamon-rufous to 



°° The palest bird seen is from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie ; the darkest ones are 

 from British Columbia and Labrador. A careful study of these variations, how- 

 ever, bears out Uttal's contention that there is not enough constant geographic varia- 

 tion to warrant the recognition of the supposedly paler Yukon-Mackenzie race 

 named osgoodi by Bishop in 1900. 



