BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 209 



auriculars cinnamon-brown mottled with blackish ; feathers of the breast, 

 sides, flanks, and abdomen buffy brown to dark buffy brown, washed 

 with cinnamomeous anteriorly and broadly banded with white; these 

 white bands somewhat tinged with ochraceous-tawny or cinnamon on the 

 sides and flanks ; thighs and tarsi pale, buffy brown to pale drab with a 

 grayish tinge and indistinctly barred with darker; under tail coverts 

 white with broad, largely concealed, basal areas of olive-brown more or 

 less tinged or mottled with ochraceous-tawny ; under wing coverts barred 

 white and buffy brown on the outer ones, the inner ones and the axillars 

 almost wholly white; iris Verona brown; bill light to dark olive-gray, 

 paler at the tip; toes ochraceous-buff to ochraceous-orange ; superciliary 

 comb orange, very brilliant in the breeding season ; vocal sacs ochraceous 

 orange when deflated but approaching pure orange when inflated; the 

 edges of the sacs with a narrow margin of scarlet.^ 



Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller, the 

 pinnae shorter and without the stiff feathers, the vocal sacs not developed, 

 the superciliary comb lacking.^ 



First-winter plumage. — Like that of the adult of corresponding sex 

 but with the upperparts somewhat more rufescent and with the throat 

 cinnamon-buff instead of warm buff and without the stiffened elongated 

 pinnae. 



Juvenal. — Apparently unknown.^" 



Downy young^^. — Underparts cream buff, the throat and middle of 

 abdomen approaching colonial buff; sides of head marguerite yellow with 

 three small black spots back of the eye ; upperparts tawny-olive to Isabella 

 color, turning to snuff brown and russet on the rump, and variously 

 marked with black, the markings most prominent on the nape and the 

 middle of the back; a conspicuous black mark on the forehead. 



Adult male.— Wing 215-225 (222.2) ; tail 115-128 (121.7) ; culmen 

 from the base 24-26 (25.2); tarsus 41.50 (44.1); pinna 66-72 (69.3 

 mm.).^^ 



Adult female.— Wing 201-219 (209.2) ; tail 100-115 (107.5) ; culmen 

 from the base 21-24 (22.7); tarsus 41-49 (45.1); pinna 27-32 (29.9 

 mm.).^* 



Range. — Formerly resident in suitable areas, chiefly brushy plains, 

 from southern Maine, Massachusetts, southern New England, and Long 



" Colors of soft parts ex Gross, cit. supra, p. 564. 



"Adults in wom, spring plumage tend to be less rufescent, more grayish than 

 autumn fresh plumaged birds. 



"° Not only were no specimens in this stage available in the present study, but 

 Gross was unable to find any when writing his monograph on this bird. 



" Taken from Gross, cit. supra, p. 568. 



'^Ten specimens, ex Gross, p. 567. 



" Ten specimens, ex Gross, p. 567. 



