BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 315 



Natal down (erythristic phase). — Like that of the normal phase but 

 with the russet to chestnut covering the entire upper surface of the 

 head and body ; also the underparts of the body. 



Adult male.—Wmg 106-119 (lll.S) ; tail 53.6-69.7 (62.1); culmen 

 from base 14.7-18.2 (16.3) ; tarsus 28.0-34.1 (31.5) ; middle toe with- 

 out claw 24.8-30.3 (29.3 mm.).^ 



Adult jemale.—Wmg 103.5-118 (111.6); tail 51.5-63 (57.7); cul- 

 men from the base 14-15.5 (14.7); tarsus 28.5-34 (30.8); middle toe 

 without claw 25.5-31 (28.1 mm.).* 



Range. — Resident in open uplands from southwestern Maine (West 

 Gardiner and West Fryeburg), Vermont (Londonderry), eastern New 

 Hampshire, Massachusetts, and southern New England, southern On- 

 tario (Toronto, Port Hope, etc.), Michigan, Wisconsin, southern 

 Minnesota, North Dakota (Bartlett, Larimore, etc.), southeastern 

 Wyoming (Horse Shoe Creek) south through eastern and central 

 United States to northern Florida (south to Gainesville), the Gulf 

 coast, eastern and northern Texas, and eastern Colorado. 



Introduced successfully, either as pure or as mixed stock, in Utah, 

 Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, California, British Columbia, 

 Manitoba, New Zealand (in the South Aukland district only), and some 

 of the West Indian Islands. Introduced unsuccessfully in China, England, 

 France, Germany, and Sweden. 



Type locality. — South Carolina. 



[Tetrao] virginiamis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 161 ("America"' = Vir- 

 ginia; based on Perdix virginiana Catesby, Carolina, i, 12, pi. 12, etc.) ; ed. 12, 

 i, 1766, 277.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 761. 



Tetrao virginiana Richmond, Auk, xix, 1902, 79, in text (nomencl.). 



[Perdix] virginiana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 650. 



Perdix virginiana Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 21, pi. 47. — Bonaparte, Journ. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1825, 268, No. 203; Contr. Maclurean Lye, i, 

 1827, 22; Syn., 1828, 124 (subg. Ortyx).—DovGaTY, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830, 

 37, pi. 4.— Audubon, Orn. Biogr., i, 1831, 388, pi. 76; v, 1839, 564, pi. 76.— 

 NuTTALL, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, i, 1832, 646.— Brown, in Wilson 

 and Bonaparte, Illustr. Amer. Orn., 1835, pi. xi [Ixix]. — Faxon, Auk, xx, 1903, 

 239, in text (nomencl.). 



C(oturnix) virginiana Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Math., i, 1791, 219. 



Ortyx virginianus Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, 123, pi. 10 ; Contr. Orn., 1848, 

 79 (Bermudas).— Audubon, Synopsis, 1939, 199.— Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 

 328 (Jamaica). — Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, pi. 1. — Woodhouse, 

 Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuiii and Colorado R., 1853, 94 (Indian Territory and 

 Texas) .—Barry, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, 8 (Racine, Wis.; 

 abundant).— Kneeland, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, 237 (Keweenaw 

 Point, Lake Superior).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 640; Rep. 

 U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., x, pt. 2, 1859, 32.— Newton, Ibis, 1859, 254 (St. 



' One hundred twenty-nine specimens selected from a much larger series, to cover 

 the whole range of the form. 

 ' Sixty-eight specimens from all parts of the range. 



