216 HEREDITY AND SELECTIOX IN SOCIOLOGY 



blessing of the Pope that Hernando Cortes set out to conquer 

 Mexico, and Pizarro to annihilate the dominion of the Incas 

 of Peru. Thus, the Church of Eome, intimately associated with 

 the spirit of patriotism in Spain, became herself a national 

 institution. It is the same with the Anglican Church in England. 

 The policy of Queen Mary in marrying the champion of Conti- 

 nental Catholicism, and in persecuting those who dissented 

 from the Catholic faith ; the submission of the national Parlia- 

 ment to Cardinal Pole, as Legate of the Papal See, at the end 

 of Mary's reign ; the Bull of Pius V., by which he, an Italian 

 Prince, presumed to declare the Sovereign of England deposed ; 

 the war undertaken by Philip of Spain to reconquer England for 

 the Catholic Church, with its triumphs, which may be regarded 

 as laying the basis of England's maritime and commercial 

 supremacy ; all these, coupled with the recollection of the fires 

 of Smithfield, of the atrocities which marked the campaign of 

 Alva against the Dutch Protestants, with the fear that England's 

 soil, too, would be violated by the Spanish invader and soaked 

 with the blood of Englishmen, that England's independence 

 would be destroyed by a foreign foe — all these events, we say, 

 did but serve to link inseparably the cause of the nation with 

 the cause of its religion ;'• and to such an extent has the national 



1 " A singular good fortune has been conferred on England, in that, in 

 fighting for her own independence, she fought also for the Reformation. 

 She was the chief bulwark of the latter ; it was during the long and desperate 

 struggle for civil and religious liberty that she felt herself become great and 

 powerful, richer, more independent, more redoubtable, more glorious " 

 (Laugel, L'Angleterre politique et sociale, p. 44, Paris, 1875). In an im- 

 portant work, recently published, on the psychology of the English people, 

 M. Jacques Bardoux notices the value of the social action of the Church of 

 England. " One must have lived among the English in order to appreciate 

 the depth of that religious feeling which envelops politics, legislation, 

 literature, philanthropy, education, morals. One must have penetrated 

 into the churches, listened to the sermons, read the pious books, in order 

 to understand the nmral value and the social usefulness of this religion of 

 action, ... In encouraging the individual effort in the interests of the 

 collectivity, and the national effort in the interests of Christianity, it has 



