326 HEREDITY AND SELECTION IN SOCIOLOGY 



of prosperity, for the poor, having nothing to settle, do not form 

 these contracts ; thirdly, the greater the poverty of a quarter, 

 xhe greater the number of persons in receipt of relief ; fourthly, 

 only poor persons call themselves working-men ; fifthly, it is 

 obvious that an opulent quarter will not have many overcrowded 

 dwellings. 



If we divide the twenty arrondissements of Paris into six 

 categories, according to their various degrees of poverty and 

 wealth, we arrive at the following results : 



BIRTH-RATE OF THE ARRONDISSEMENTS OF PARIS 

 ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF WEALTH. 



Average Number of Annual Berths per 1,000 Women erom 15 to 

 50 Years of Aqb (1889-93). 



Very Poor. Poor. Well-ofE. Very Well-off. Eich. ■^^°Rich?*"^ 



(5) 108 (3) 95 (5) 72 (2) 65 (4) 53 (1) 34 



The figures in brackets show the number of arrondissements 

 included in each category. The other figures represent the 

 average number of births for every thousand women from fifteen 

 to fifty years of age. We see that the fertility of the arrondisse- 

 ments is in inverse ratio to their material prosperity. To this 

 rule there is not a single exception ; the birth-rate diminishes 

 with absolute regularity from the very poor to the exceptionally 

 rich quarters. Of the latter, there is only one — the quarter of 

 the Elysee — and in this the average birth-rate is thirty-four, or 

 less than one-third of what it is in the quarters designated as 

 very poor ; the average of the latter, again, is double that of 

 the four arrondissements classed as rich. 



The same results are obtained in the other great European 

 capital.'! — London, Berlin, and Vienna. M. Bertillon has applied 

 to each of these great cities the method which he applied in 

 Paris with regard to the classification of the different city 

 quarters. In the case of London he has arrived at the follow- 

 ing results, based largely on previous researches made by Mr. 

 Charles Booth : 



