DIVISION 01" LABOUR 489 



proportion as the physiological complication of organisms 

 increases, division of labour increases likewise ; for whereas in the 

 Amoeba a single cell suffices for all the vital functions, including 

 reproduction, in the Vertebrata we find differentiated organs for 

 locomotion, respiration, digestion, reproduction, thought, etc. 

 And, similarly, ia proportion as the complexity of social organisms 

 increases, the differentiation of social functions increases also ; 

 and if we take a single social function we find similar differentia- 

 tion going on within this function. Whereas formerly the 

 philosopher laid claim to the knowledge of everything ; to-day 

 each branch of the hierarchy of sciences, beginning with mathe- 

 matics and ending with sociology, requires that those who would 

 be adepts in it should specialise in that single branch, and within 

 each branch we find a similar division of labour. In sociology 

 alone we find economics, ethnology, criminology, jurisprudence, 

 statistics, ethics, and pohtical science, each claiming its own 

 speciahsts, and requiring the study of a lifetime. In every 

 division and subdivision of vital functions, whether physiological 

 or psychological, whether the organism be an animal or a society, 

 everywhere we find growing differentiation of labour accompany- 

 ing growing complexity of structure. 



But if we admit that this division of labour is necessary to 

 the existence of a highly-developed society, it is clear, as we have 

 said, that a quantity of fife must be spent unremuneratively in 

 order that the superior spiritual interests of society may continue 

 to exist. One of the greatest objections to the Communist theory 

 of the State is that iateUectual culture would be impeded in 

 such a State ; for Communism, be it SociaUsm or Anarchism, aims 

 at the raising of the status of manual labour at the expense of 

 intellectual labour ; and as the Communist State would not be 

 hkely to remunerate intellectual labour more highly than manual 

 labour — ^its avowed object being the suppression of personal 

 profit as the mainspring of social activity — it is more than 

 probable that the advent of Communism would be the beginning 



