IN BIRDS AND COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS 351 



as regards nutritive media. In consequence of the different physio- 

 logical nxitritive media of the colder mammalian bodies on the one 

 hand, and the warmer avian bodies on the other, a distinction has 

 arisen between the two kinds. By artificial cultivation Kschel 

 succeeded in bringing about approximation in oiiter qualities between 

 the two bacilli ; he succeeded in getting the organism of tuberculosis 

 in mammals accustomed to a higher temperature, and in given 

 nutritive media he obtained a resemblance in the appearance of the 

 cultures, but as regards pathogenesis he could not transfer one to 

 the other. Fischel states that he was able, with the organism of 

 avian tuberculosis, to bring about a general tuberculosis in a guinea- 

 pig, but the cultures started out of the organs of this animal were 

 not identical with those of avian tuberculosis. 



Tuberculosis in cold-blooded animals is in the same way to be 

 regarded as a modification of the tuberculosis in mammals. Bataillon 

 and Terre succeeded in cultivating tuberculosis in mammals and 

 birds by means of passing it through the body of a frog at room 

 temperature. Lubarsh was able to modify tuberculosis in mammals 

 by passage through the body of a frog, so that cultures taken from 

 the spleen of a frog grew at a temperature of as much as 28-30°. 

 Dubard also . cultivated cultures taken from fish inoculated with 

 mammalian tuberculosis which also thrived at room temperature. 

 Moeller was able to produce cultures from the spleen of a slow-worm 

 inoculated with sputum containing tubercle bacilli, which flourished 

 at 20°; but which ceased to grow at a temperature of 30° and over. 

 The cultures resemble in appearance those of avian tuberculosis, grow 

 at room temperature, and are moist and thick. 



It sho\ild be added that certain abnormal and tubercle-like 

 conditions have been met with in the carp, and from such conditions 

 a bacillus morphologically and tinctorially similar to the tubercle 

 bacillus has been isolated. 



Most bacteriologists maintain that the B. tuberculosis of Koch is 

 the common denominator in all tubercular disease, whatever and 

 wherever its manifestations, in all animals. The bacillus, they 

 hold, may, however, experience profound modifications owing to 

 successive passages through the bodies of divers species of animals. 

 But if the modifications which it undergoes as a result of trans- 

 mission through birds, for example, are profound enough to make 

 the bacillus of avian tubercle a peculiar variety, though not a distinct 

 and' separate species, of Koch's bacillus, they are not enough, it is 

 generally believed, to make these bacilli two distinct species. We 

 may, therefore, take it for granted that tuberculosis is one and the 

 same disease, generically, with various manifestations, common to 

 man and animals, intercommunicable, and having but one vera causa, 

 the B. tuberculosis of Koch. 



