76 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



oblonff. If such a leaf is more or less rounded at the base and 

 its lower half is broadest, so that the whole is of the shape of an 

 egg cut lengthwise, the leaf is ovate or egg-shaped {fig. 139), 

 as in the Lilac ; if of the same figure, but with the broad 

 part towards the apex {fig- 140), it is obovate or inversely 

 egg-shaped. When the lamina is broad at the apex, and 

 abrupt-pointed, and tapers towards the base {fig. 136), as in some 

 Saxifrages, . the leaf is cuneate or wedge-shaped ; if the apex 

 is broad and rounded, and thence it tapers to the base {fig. 141), 

 it is spathulaie, as in the Daisy. When the lamina is broad and 

 hollowed out at its base into two rounded lobes, and more or less 

 pointed at the apex, the leaf is cordate or heart-shaped {fig. 

 137), as in the Black Bryony {Ta/mus communis) ; if of the 

 same shape, but with the apex broader than the base, and 

 hollowed out into two rounded lobes, it is ohcordate or inversely 

 heart-shaped {fig. 144). When a leaf resembles a cordate one 

 generally in shape, but has the apex rounded, and the whole 

 blade usually shorter and broader {fig. 143), it is reniform or 

 hidmey-shaped, as in the Asarabacoa {Asa/rum europceum) ; 

 when a leaf is reniform but with the lobes at the base of the 

 lamina pointed, so that it resembles the form of a crescent (fi,g. 

 145), it is lunate or crescent-shaped, as in Passiflora hinata. 

 When the blade is broad and hollowed out at its base into 

 two acute lobes, while it is pointed at the apex, so that it resembles 

 the head of an arrow {fig. 146), the leaf is sagittatis or arrow- 

 shaped, as in the Arrowhead {Sagittaria sagittifolia) ; when 

 the lobes of such a leaf are at right angles to its axis, instead of 

 passing downwards, it is hastate or halhert-shaped {fig. 147), as 

 in Sheep's Sorrel {Bumex Acetosella) ; when the lobes are 

 entirely separated from the rest of the blade, as in the upper 

 leaves of the Woody Nightshade {Solanum Dulcamara), it is 

 auriculate or hastate-auricled {fig. 148). 



It frequently happens that a leaf does not distinctly present 

 any of the above-described figures, but exhibits a combination 

 of two of them, in which case we use such terms as ovate- 

 lanceolate, linear -lanceolate, cordate-ovate, cordate-lanceolate, 

 elUptico-lanceolate, roundish-ovate, &c., the application of which 

 will be at once evident. 



In many cases we find leaves of different figures on the 

 same plant, which is then said to be heterophyllous. Thus, 

 in the Hairbell {Campanula rotundifoKa), the radical leaves 

 are cordate or reniform, and the cauline leaves linear ; and 

 this difference of outline between the radical and stem leaves 



