MORPHOLOGY OF EEPEODUCTIVE ORGANS 155 



many plants of the order CompositiE and the aUied orders 

 Dipsaeeae and Valerianacese, the limb of the calyx is only 

 developed in the form of a circle or tuft of bristles, hairs, or 

 feathery processes, to which the name of pappus is given, and 

 the calyx under such circumstances is said to be pappose. The 

 pappus is further described as featheri/ ov phimose, a,nd sitnple 

 ov pilose ; thus it ia feathery, as in the Valerian {fig. 293), when 

 each of its divisions is covered on the sides by little hair-like 

 projections arranged lil^e the barbs of a feather ; and pilose, 

 when the divisions have no marked projections from their sides, 

 as in the Dandehon and Scabious (fig. 294). The pappus is 

 also described as sessile when it arises immediately from the 

 tube of the adherent calyx, and thus apparently from the top of 

 the ovary or fruit, as in the Valerian {fig. 293) ; and stalked or 

 stipitate, if it is raised above the ovary or fruit, on a stalk, as in 

 the Dandelion and Scabious {fig. 294). 



Modifications and Appendages of the Calyx. — The calyx, 

 whether gamosepalous or polysepalous, is subject to various other 



Fig. 295. 



Fig. 296. 



Fiij. 295. Flower of 

 the Indian Cress 

 {Trop(coltnn). c. 

 Spurred calyx. 

 Fig. 290. Calyx 

 of Hibiscus sur- 

 rounded by an 

 epicalyx or in- 

 volucre. 



irregularities besides those already alluded to, which arise from 

 the expansion or growing outwards of one or more of the sepals or 

 the tube into appendages or processes of different kinds. Thus 

 in the Monkshood {fig. 286), the superior sepal is prolonged 

 upwards into a sort of hood or helmet-shaped process, and is said 

 consequently to be hooded, helmet-shaped, or galeate. In the 

 WaMower, and other plants of the Cruciferse, the two lateral 

 sepals are expanded on one side at the base into little sacs 

 or pouches, and are termed gibbous or saccate. If the calyx has 

 one or more tubular prolongations downwards, it is said to be 

 spurred. Only one spur may be present, as in the Indian Cress 

 {fig. 295, c), where the spur is formed by three sepals ; or in the 

 Larkspur, where it is formed by one ; or each of the sepals may 



