208 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



cells generally corresponds also to the divisions of the stigma. 

 Thus the five-cleft stigma of some Campanulas indicates that 

 there are five cells to the ovary, and that the pistU is formed 

 of five carpels. In the Graminacese {fig. 404) and Compositae 

 (figs. 448 and 451), however, we have a bifid stigma, and but 

 one cell in the ovary. 



The lobes assume different appearances : they may be smooth 

 or thick and fleshy as in the Melon (fig. 450), or feathery as 

 in many Grasses (fig. 404), or fringed or laciniate as in the 

 Runiex (fig. 453,^2). 



"^Tien the stigmas are united, the number of parts in the 

 compound stigma is usually indicated by radiating furrows, or 

 grooves. '\^Tien the stigmas unite and form a compound body 

 upon the top of the style, this compound stigma is said to be 

 capifafe. In the Violet (fig. 456) , the stigma presents an uTegular 

 hooded appeai-ance. 



The Flowee-bdd. jEstivation oe Pe^floeation. 



The mode in which the different parts of the flower are dis- 

 posed in the flower-bud is termed their cesfivation or prcefio- 

 ration. The terms used in describing aestivation especially refer 

 to the relative positions of the component parts of the calyx and 

 corolla, because the stamens and carpels, from their peculiar 

 forms, can give us no such arrangements of their parts as are 

 exhibited by the more or less flattened floral envelopes. 



In describing the varieties of aestivation, we have to 

 include : 1st, the disposition of each of the component parts of 

 the floral envelopes, considered independently of the others ; and 

 2nd, the relation to one another of the several members of 

 either of the floral envelopes taken as a whole. With regard 

 to the disposition of each of the component parts of the 

 floral envelopes considered independently of the others, the 

 same terms are used as in similar varieties of vernation, 

 with the addition of the crumpled or corrugated form, 

 which is not found in the parts of the leaf-bud. This latter 

 arrangement may be seen in the petals of the Poppy (Pajmver) 

 and Eock Rose (Helianthemnm) ; it derives its name from the 

 parts being irregularly contracted into wrinkled folds. 



With respect to the relation to one another of the several 

 members of either of the floral envelopes taken as a whole, various 

 arrangements occiu-, all of which may be classified in two divi- 

 sions : namely, the Circular or Valvate, and the Imbricated. 



