66 OR, MANUAL OF THB APIARY. 



ORGANS OF THB HEAD. 



Of these the mouth organs (Fig. IS) are most prominent. 

 These consist of an upper lip — labrum, and under lip — labium, 

 and two pairs of jaws which move sidewise ; the stronger, 

 horny jaws, called mandibles, and the more membranous, but 

 usually longer, named maxillae. The labrum (Fig. IS,/) is well 

 described in the name upper lip. It is attached, usually, by a 

 movable joint to a similarly shaped piece above it, called the 

 clypeus (Fig. IS, c), and this latter to the broad epicranium 

 (Fig. 15, o), which carries the antennce, the compound, and, 

 when present, the simple eyes (Fig. 3). 



The labium (Fig. 16) is not described by the name under 

 lip, as its base forms the floor of the mouth, and its tip the 

 tongue. The base is usually broad, and is called the mentum, 

 and from this extends the ligula (Fig. IS, t), which in bees is a 

 sucking organ or tongue. 



On either side, nearthe junction of the ligula and mentum, 

 arises a jointed organ, rarely absent, called the labial palpus 

 (Fig. IS, k, k), or, together, the labial palpi. Just within the 

 angle formed by these latter and the ligula arise the para- 

 glossae (Fig. 16, «, ?/,) one on either side. These are often 

 wanting, though never in bees. 



The jaws or mandibles (Fig. IS, ;«, m) arise one on either 

 side just below and at the side of the labrum, or upper lip. 

 These work sidewise instead of up and down, as in the higher 

 animals, are frequently very hard and sharp, and sometimes 

 armed with one or more teeth. A rudimentary tooth (Fig. 65, 

 a, b) is visible on the jaws of drone and queen bees. 



Beneath the jawsor mandibles, and inserted a little farther 

 back, are the second jaws, or maxilla; (Fig. IS, m.v), less dense 

 and firm than the mandibles, but far more complex. Each 

 maxilla arises by a small joint (Fig. 16, r), the cardo ; next 

 this is a larger joint (Fig. 16, k), the stipes ; from this extends 

 on the inside the broad lacinia (Fig. 16, h, li,) or blade, usually 

 fringed with hairs on its inner edge, towards the mouth ; while 

 on the outside of the stripes is inserted the — from one to sev- 

 eral jointed — maxillary palpus. In the honey-bee the maxil- 

 lary palpi (Fig. 16, i i) are very small, and consist of two joints, 



