HISTORY OF DEEP-SEA SOUNDINGS 19 



Bay, made some classical soundings. One, two miles 

 from the coast, reached a depth of 2,700 feet, and 

 brought up a collection of gravel and two living 

 crustaceans; another, 3,900 feet in depth, yielded 

 pebbles, clay, some worms, Crustacea, and corallines. 

 Two other dredgings, one at 6,000 feet, the other at 

 6,300 feet, also brought up living creatures ; and thus, 

 though the results were not at first accepted, the 

 existence of animal life at great depths was demon- 

 strated. 



With Sir James Ross's expedition we may be said 

 to have reached modern times : his most distinguished 

 companion, Sir Joseph Hooker, is still living. It is 

 impossible to do more than briefly refer to the numerous 

 expeditions which have taken part in deep-sea explora- 

 tion during our own times. The United States of 

 America sent out, about the time of Ross's Antarctic 

 voyage, an expedition under Captain Wilkes, with 

 Dana on board as naturalist. Professor Edward 

 Forbes, who 'did more than any of his contempo- 

 raries to advance marine zoology,' joined the sur- 

 veying ship Beacon in 1840, and made more than 

 one hundred dredgings in the iEgean Sea. Loven 

 was working in the Scandinavian waters. Mr. H. 

 Goodsir sailed on the Erebus with Sir John Franklin's 

 ill-fated Polar Expedition ; and such notes of his as 

 were recovered bear evidence of the value of the work 

 he did. The Norwegians, Michael Sars and his son, 

 G. O. Sars, had by the year 1864 increased their list 

 of species living at a depth of between 200 and 300 

 fathoms, from nineteen to ninety-two. Much good 

 work was done by the United States navy and by 

 surveying ships under the auspices of Bache, Bailey, 

 Maury, and de Pourtales. The Austrian frigate 

 Novara, with a full scientific staff, circumnavigated 

 the world in 1857-1859. In 1868 the Admiralty placed 

 the surveying ship Lightning at the disposal of Pro- 



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