40 MOTACILLIDiE — ^ANTHUS LUDOVICIANDS, TITLAEK. 



nently resident, though I presume that a part of the birds to be observed 

 in winter are those that have come from the north. 



The nest of the Horned Lark is simply built of dried grasses, and is 

 placed on the ground. Both sexes appear to share the duties of incu- 

 bation. The eggs are thickly, minutely, and uniformly flecked with 

 light brown on a gray ground, 0.95 by 0.62. 



Family MOTAOILLIDiE : Wagtails. 



,/ ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, (Gm.) Licht. 

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Titlark; Pipit; Wagtail. 



Alauda ludovidana, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 793.— Lath., IdcI. Orn. ii, 1790, 494. 



Anthus ludovidanvs, Licht., Verz. 1823, 37.— Bp., List, 1838, 18 ; Consp. i. 18.^0, 249.— Add., 

 Syn. 1839, 94 ; B. Am. iii, 1841, 40, pi. 50.— Giraud, B. L. I. 1844, 94.— ScL., P. 

 Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova).— ScL. & Salv., Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Bd., B. N. 

 A. 1858, 232 ; Eev. 1864, 153.— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29.— Coop. & 

 Suck., N. H. Wf.sh. Ter. 1860, 176.— Codes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 (Labra- 

 dor, breeding) ; 1866, 67 (Arizona). — Eelnh., Ibis, iii, 1861, 6 (Greeulaud).^- 

 Blackiston, Ibis, iv, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).- Hayd., Eep. 1862, 159.— Allen, 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. i, 1868, 494 (Iowa).— Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 

 277 (Alaska).— Stev., U. S. Geo). Surv. Ter. 1870, 463.— Mber., iUd. 1872, 674.— 

 COOF., Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75 ; B. Cal. 1, 1870, 78.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi, 

 1871, 115 (Minnesota).— Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. ii, 1871, 267 ; iii, 1872, 161, 175 

 (breeding in mountains of Colorado). — Aikex, Pr. Bost. Soo. 1872, 196 (the 

 same).— Trippe, iUd. xv, 1872, 234 (Iowa).— Codes, Key, 1872, 90, fig. 34.— 

 Sxow, B. Kans. 1873, 4. — And of recent authors. 



Alauda rubra, Gii., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 794. 



Anthus rebens, Merr., "Ersch Grub. Encycl." 



Alauda pcnnsylvanka, BeisS., Orn. iii, 1760, 356 (or 413). 



Anthus pennsylvanicus, "Zander, J. f. 0. 1853, extrab. i, 1854, 63;" Nanm. iv, 13. 



Alauda rufa, WiLS., Am. Orn. v, 1872, 89, pi. 42, f. 4. 



AntJius spinoletta, Bp., Syn. 1828, 90.— Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 450.— Add., O. B. i, 1832, 408. 



Anthus aqnaticus, Sw. & EicH., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 23, pi. 44.— Add., O. B. i, 1832, pi. 10. 



Anthus pipiens. Add., O. B. i, 1832, 408, pi. 80.— Bp., List, 1838, 18. 



Anthus reinhardlU, " HolbOll, Fn. Green. 1846, 25." 



Anthus " hypogams, Bp., Compt. Kend. xxxviii, 1856, 65." 



Hai.—The whole of North America. Mexico. Guatemala. Bermuda. Greenland. 

 Accidental in Europe {Sarting, Br. Birds, 1872, 109). 



Not obtained by Captain Eaynolds' Expedition. 



Lieutenant Warren's Expedition. — 1844, Black Hills. 



Later Expeditions.— 60680, Keni-fs Fork; 60681, Uintah Mountains; 62298, Snake 

 Eiver. 



No birds of this country are more extensively dispersed over the con- 

 tinent, more regular in their times of appearance in the United States 

 or in their departure for the K^orth. Until very recently we had not, to 

 my knowledge, a single authentic instance of its breeding in the United 

 States, although, as I have elsewhere surmised (Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 

 568), it may do so in Northern New England. It enters the United 

 States in flocks in September, and becomes thoroughly dispersed as the 

 autumn advances ; some pushing to Florida, the Gulf coast, Texas, and 

 Mexico ; others wintering as high as the Middle States. I have found 

 it during part of the winter even on the Upper Missouri, with Shore 

 Larks and Snow Buntings. Its vernal migration begins in March at the 

 South, antl by the end of the following month the species has mostly 

 passed beyond our limits, though a few loiterers may be sometimes found 

 in May. But precisely as the Shore Lark breed^in the West far south 

 of its Eastern breeding range, so does the Titlark find in the most ele- 

 vated points of land in the West the necessary conditions of reproduc- 



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