120 PLECTROPUANES LAPPONICUS, LAPLAND LONGSPUE. 



PLECTEOPHANES LAPPONICUS, (Linn.) Selby. 



lapland Longspur. 



Fnngilla lapponiea, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 317.— Foust., Philos. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 404. 



Eniberiza lapponica, NiLSS., Orn. Luec. i. 157. — Bp., Am. Orn. i, 53, pi. 13, f. 1. — Bp., Syn. 

 1828, 440.— Ndtt., Man. i, 1832,' 463.— AuD., Orn. Biog. iv, 1838, 473, pi. 365. ' 



Emberiza (Plectroplmnes) lapponioa, Sw. & EiCH., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 248, pi. 48. 



Tleotrophanes lapponica, Selby, Linn. Trans, xv, 156, pi. 1. — Bp., List, 1838, 36.— AuD., 

 Syn. 1839, 98 ; B. Am. iii, 1841, 50, pi. 152.— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 99.— Bd., B. N. 

 A. 1858, 433.— Wheat., Ohio Agric. Eep. 1860 (Ohio.)— Boardm., Pr. Bost. Soo. 

 ix, 1862, 126 (Calais, Me., in winter onlv, not common).— Verr., Pr. Ess. Inst, 

 iii, 158.— MclLWR., Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1866, 89 (Hamilton, C. W., until May).— 

 COUES, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1868, 281.— Turxb., B. E. Pa. IHffJ, 42 (very rare, in 

 severe winters only).— Dali. & B.ixx., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 283 (Alaska, 

 breeding).— Mayn., Nat. Guide, 1870, 112 (Ipswich, Mass., with P. niraUs and 

 E. alpestris).— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 17S (but it does not appear to have ever 

 been found in California).— Mayx., Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 187 1, 115 (Minnesota, 

 until May, and probably breeds).— FiNSCH, Abb. Nat. iii, 1872, 54 (Alaska).— 

 CouES, Key, 1872, 133, fig. 81.— B. B. & E., N. A. B. i, 1874, 515, pi. 24, f. 7. 



Centrophanes lapponica, Kadp, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829.— Cab., Mus. Hein. 1851, 

 127.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864, 84. 



Fringilla calcarata, Pallas., Itin. ii, App. 710. 



Emberiza calcarata, Temm:., Man. 1815, 190. 



PlectropJianes calcarata, Meyer, Tasch., Dents. .57. — BoiE, Isis, 1822, 554. 



Centrophanes calcarata, Gray, List, Gen. of B., App. 1842, 11. 



Sab. — A species, like P. nivalis, of circumpolar distribution ; in this country inhabits 

 all the arctic regions, coming south in winter to Philadelphia, Kentucky (Audubon), 

 IWinoia (llidgtva)/), Kansas (Coojjer), and Colorado (Tn^jpe). Not yet observed in the 

 United States west of the Eoclcy Mountains. Not known to breed in the United States, 

 and very rarely found in full plumage in the United States. 



List of specimens. 



The general southward extension of this species is seen from the above 

 remarks. Although included by Dr. Cooper in the Birds of California, 

 I do not know that it has ever been taken on the Pacific coast of the 

 United States, nor indeed anywhere west of the Eocky Mountains. Dr. 

 Hayden's specimens, above enumerated, probably represent the south- 

 westernmost record to date. I find no quotations for the Atlantic States 

 beyond Pennsylvania. It appears to extend furthest south in the inte- 

 rior; it was observed in large Hocks in Kentucky by Audubon. Mr. 

 Trippe's notice is interesting as indicating the probable breeding of the 

 bird in Minnesota. He says it comes there about the middle of Septem- 

 lier and remains until December, when it moves southward, and its place 

 is supplied by the Snow Bunting ; and that it is very abundaat in South- 

 ern Iowa in the depth of winter and in early spring. He has since 

 informed me that a large flock was seen by him in the Middle Park, 

 Colorado, in the latter part of October. Messrs. Dall and Bannister 

 report it as very abundant in Alaska, where it arrives the second week 

 in May, and breeds. Both these writers attest its eminent musical abil- 

 ity. Collections of Messrs. Eoss, Kennicott, and others, now in the 

 Smithsonian, show that it is very abundant in summer in the vicinity of 

 Great Slave Lake and McKenzie's Eiver. The species enters the Mis- 

 souri region from the north early in October, according to my observa- 

 tions, but I have as yet found it nowhere abundant. 



Of two sets of eggs of the Lapland Longspur before me, both col- 

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