166 GONIAPHEA LUDOVIClAt^A, EOSE-BEEASTE0 GROSBEAK. 



breed will make capricious choice of particular spots and confine itself 

 to them. About "Washington, it was most plentiful in the skirts of the 

 city itself, in gardens and orchards, and in fields about the edges of 

 woods. It abounds on the western prairies, to the edge of the sterile 

 plains. The fact of its becoming abundant in regions where it was 

 scarce before, is also attested, but remains unexplained. Thus, accord- 

 ing to Audubon, it was rare in Ohio, and Dr. Kirfland, writing in 1838, 

 admits the insufficiency of his authority, but believes it " to be an occa- 

 sional visitor ; " whereas Mr. J. M. Wheaton, commenting upon this 

 circumstance, in 1860, gives it as one of the most numerous birds of 

 that State. It is there known as the " Little Field Lark ; " while in 

 Illinois, Mr. Eidgway tells me, it is called " Judas-bird" and " Dick- 

 sissel," both names being in allusion to its song. 



GOXIAPHEA LUDOVICIAXA, (Linn.) Bowd. -T- i- 



Eose-l)reasted Grosbeak. 



ioxio ludovidana, LiNX., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 306.— WiLS., Am. Orn. ii, 1810, 135, pi. 17, f. 2. 



Fringilla liicloviciana, Bp., Am. Orn. ii, 79, pi. 15, f. 2.— Bp., Svn. 182^, 113. — Nutt., Man. 

 i, 1S32, 0-27.— AUD., Orn. Biog. ii, 1834, 166 ; v, 1839," 513 ; ijl. 127. 



Fyrrhula Judoriciaiia, Sabixe, Franklin's Journ. Zool. App. 675. 



Guiraca ludoriciana, Sw., Phil. Mag. i. 1-27, 438.— Bp., List, 1838, 30; Consp. At. i, 1S50, 

 501.— Bd., B. N. a. 18.58, 497.— Wheat., Ohio Agric. Rep. I860.— Coues & 

 Prent., Smiths. Rep. 1861 (1.362), 413 (Washington, D. C, summer, rare). — 

 Hayd., Kep. 1862, 168 (abundant along Missouri). — Allex, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 

 1864 fSpringfield, Mass., summer, not abundant). — Boardm., Pr. Bost. Soc. is, 

 1862, 127 (Calais, Jle., summer, rare). — Veer., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 151 (Norway, 

 Me., not common). — McIlwe., Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, C. W., sum- 

 mer). — Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 284 (throughout New England). — Coles, 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. xii, 1868, 116 (South Carolina, rare, migratory). — Tuexb., B. E. 

 Pa. 1869, 24 (May to Sept., rather rare).— Sumich., Mem. Bost. Soc. i, 1869, 552 

 (Vera Cruz, winter). — ilAYX., Guide, 1)^70, 12(1 (Massachusetts, May to Seirt., 

 common, breeds). — Mayx., l?r. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871, — (north to Quebec, 

 Couper). — Tkippe, ibid, xv, 1872, 2?,!i (Iowa, breeds). — Snow, B. Kans lo73, 8. 



Coccoihraxtsies (Guiraca) ludoviciana, Sw. & ElCH., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 271. 



Goniaphea ludoviciana, " BowDiTCn."^AiXEX, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 177 (Eastern 

 Kansas). — Coues, Key, 1872, 148, fig. 92. 



Coccolons ludovicianus, AuD., Syu. 1839, 133. — AuD., B. Am. iii, 1841, 209, pi. 205. — 

 PuTX., Pr. Ess. Inst, i, 1856, 212 (Massachusetts).— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 133.— 

 Maxim., J. f. 0. vi, 1858, 267.— Teippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota). 



Bedymelea ludoviciauus, Cab., Mus. Hein. i, 1851, 1853; J. f. O. iv, 1856, 9 (Cuba) ; 1861, 

 7 (Costa Eica).-SCL, P. Z. S. 1-.55, 133, 154 (Bogota); 1856, 301 (Cordova); 

 1859, 365 (Xalapa); 1860, 293 (Ecuador).— ScL. & Salv., Ibis, i, 1859, 17 

 (Guatemala). — ScL., Cat. 1862, 100 (Guatemala and Bogota).— L.vwr.., Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y. vii, 1861, 297 (Panama) ; viii, 1868, 287 (New York) ; ix, 1868, 102 

 (Costa Rica) ; 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Ai.tEX, Jlem. Bust. Soc. 1868, 496, 505, 517 

 (Iowa and Illinois).— B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 70, pi. 30, f. 4, 5. 



Coccothrauslcs i-uhricollia, Vieill., Gal. Ois. i, 1824, 67, pi. 58. 



Liaia rosea, WiES., Joe. cit. 



Loxia obscura, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788. 862.— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 179, 379. 



Fringilla punicea, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1783, 921.— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 1790, 444. 



Hal). — Eastern Province of North America, north to Labrador and the Saskatchewan. , ^ ^ 'j 

 Breeds from the Middle States northward. Winters in Mexico and Central America. *" ' ' ^ 

 South to Ecuador. Cuba. ' _ , 



Lieutenant Warren's Expedition. — 4848, Ponca Island; 4849, Vermilion Eiver; 4850, ^ , ": . ,^ 

 Running Water ; 4852, Bijonx Hills. 



Not obtained by Captain RaynoMs' Expedition. ' , 



I have nowhere found this beautiful bird more abundant than along ^ f^ -' 

 the Eed River of the Xorth, and there may be no locality where its 

 nidiflcation and breeding habits can be studied to greater advantage. 

 On entering the belt of noble timber tbat borders the Eiver, iu June, 

 we are almost sure to be saluted with the rich, rolling song of the rose- 



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