172 CARDINALIS VIEGINIAllUS, CARDINAL GROSBEAK. 



guishable. Those of Ouiraca ccerulea are the same in color, but of course 

 larger. But another species, commonly placed in the genus Cyanospiza, 

 namely, C. ciris, lays au entirely different egg — pure white, heavily 

 speckled with reddish-brown, dark brown, or purplish-gray. This style 

 of egg is much as in Juneo, or in Sjpizella picsilla. 



CAEDINALIS YIRGINIAXCS, (Briss.) Bp. 

 Cardinal Grosbeak; Virginian Redblrd. 



a. virginianus. 



CoccotJiraustes virginiana cardinalis dicta, Briss., Orn. iii, 1760, 252. 



Cardinalis virginianus, Bp., List, 183S, 35 ; Consp. Av. i, 1950, 501. — WoODH., Sitgr. Rep. 

 1853, SI (Texas aud Indian Territory).— Bd., 'B. N. A. 1858, 509.— Maxim., J. f. 0. 

 Yi, 18.38, a(38.— Wheat., Ohio Agric. Rep. 1880, Xo. 169.— CouES & Pi;ext., S. I. 

 Rep. 1861, 413 (Washington, D. C, resident, abundant).— Hayd., Rep. 1862, 

 163. — Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864, 85 (Massachusetts, accidental in summer, 

 on NuHalVs authoritv). — CouBS, ihid. v, 1838, 284 (the sa,me). — Dress., Ibis, 

 1865, 491 (Texas).- L'awr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 286 (New York Island).— 

 TuRNB., B, E. Pa. 1869, '24 (frequent, and wintering). —Allen", Ball. M. C. Z. iii, 

 1872, 178 (Kansas).— Codes, Key, 1872, 151, fig. 96.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 8.— 

 B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 100, pi. 30, f. 6, 7. 



Loxia cardinalis, Lixx., Syst. Nat. i, 1768, 300. — G.M , Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 847. — Lath., Ind. 

 Orn. i, 1790, 375.— WiLS., Am. Orn. ii, 1810, 33, pi. 6, f. 1, 2. 



FringUla (Coccothraustes) cardinalis, Be., Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 79. 



Coccothrausles cardinalis, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. , w- t 



FringUla cardinalis, Bp., Syn. 1828, 11^.— Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 519.— AuD., Orn. Biog.?"'' *" 

 ii, 1834, 336, pi. 159. 



Pityhis cardinalis, Auc, Syn. 1839, 131; B. Am. ill. 1841, 198, pi. 203.— GiR., B. L. L 

 1844, 132.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. 1864, 438 (Missouri). 



b. coccineus. 



Cardinalis rirginianns, ScL., P. Z. S. 18.56, 302 (Cordova); 1859, 365 (Xalapa); Ibis, 1859, 

 104 ; Cat. Am. B. 100 (in part).— Lawr., Ann. Lye. ix, 1860, 201 (Yucatan).— 

 Su.MiCH., Mem. Bost. Soc. 1869, 5.52 (Vera Cruz). 



Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus, Eidgw., Am. Journ. Sci. — B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, * 



1874, 99. 



c. igneus. 



Cardinally igneus, Bd., Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 305 (St. Lucas). — Codes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 



Jan. 1868 (South Arizona).— Elliot, B. N. A. pi. 16.— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 238. 

 Cardinalis virginianus var. igneus, Codes, Key, 1872, 1851. — B. B. & E., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 



103, pi. 30, f. 10. 

 Cardinalis rirginianus. Lawr., Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 1872 (Tres Marias). — FiNSon, Abh. Nat. 



1870, 339. 



d. carneus. 



Cardinalis carneus. Less., R. Z. 1843, 209 (Acapulco and Realejo). — Bp., Consp. Av. i, 



1850, 501. 

 Cardinalis virginianus var. carnfus, EiDGW., Am. Journ. — B. B. & E., ii, 1874, 99. 



Bah. — The typical form from the Eastern United States, west to Kansas, Nebraska, ■ 



Indian Territory, Texas (and New Mexico?). North to the Middle States commonly, 

 to New York rarely, to Connecticut casually, to Massachusetts accidentally, and in the 

 We.st to Missouri. Not south of the Eio Grande. Stationary or scarcely migratory. 

 Var. coccineus is the resident form beyond the United States, through Eastern Mexico 

 to Central America. More richly-colored, and without the grayish edgings of the 

 dorsal plumage. Var. igneus, in which the black frontlet is narrowed or wanting at 

 the base of the culmen, is from Arizona and Lower California, and southward. Var. 

 carneus, with stiffened coronal feathers, asjn the very different C. phoeniceus, is from 

 Western Mexico. The last-mentioned variety I have not seen ; the others run extremely 

 close to typical virginianus. 



Mr. Allen has prepared some interesting tables showing the range of variation in 

 this species and others. He finds the southern resident birds, as might be expected, 

 smaller .than those of the Middle States. The former measure aa follows : Males- 

 length, 7.75 to 9.10; extent, 11.00 to 11.78 ; wing, 3.50 to 3.85; tail, 3.40 to 4.20; tarsus. 



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